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Book 1 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of replication does Hyper-V Replica use?

A

Manual asynchronous

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2
Q

What Hyper-V feature is Hyper-V Replica based on?

A

Checkpoints

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3
Q

What feature must be configured to use Hyper-V Replica with more than 2 servers?

A

Extended Replication

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4
Q

What type of authentication transmits Hyper-V Replica traffic unencrypted?

A

Kerberos (HTTP)

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5
Q

What type of authentication transmits Hyper-V Replica traffic encrypted?

A

Certificate-Based Authentication (HTTPS)

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6
Q

What PowerShell cmdlet is used to enable Hyper-V Replica?

A

Set-VmReplicationServer

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7
Q

What firewall rules must be changed on the replica server to allow traffic from the primary server?

A

Hyper-V Replica HTTP Listener (TCP-In) [for Kerberos] or Hyper-V Replica HTTPS Listener (TCP-In) [for certificate-based authentication]

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8
Q

What three options are available for initial replication?

A

Send over network, copy to external media, or use an existing VM

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9
Q

What Hyper-V feature makes it possible to move a Hyper-V VM from one host to another with almost no service disruption?

A

Live Migration

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10
Q

How do you use Failover Clustering with Hyper-V?

A

Start the New Virtual Machine Wizard from Failover Cluster Manager

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11
Q

What two performance options are available for Live Migrations?

A

TCP/IP (useful on standard LANs) and SMB (better if you have a dedicated storage network)

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12
Q

What PowerShell commands are used to enable Live Migration?

A

Enable-VmMigration; Set-VmMigrationNetwork; Set-VmHost -VirtualMachineMigrationAuthenticationType; Set-VmHost -VirtualMachineMigrationPerformanceOption

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13
Q

What PowerShell cmdlet is used to trigger a Live Migration?

A

Move-VM

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14
Q

What is Shared Nothing Live Migration?

A

Live Migration that does not require shared external storage

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15
Q

What are the requirements for Shared Nothing Live Migration?

A

VMs must be on same domain, same CPU family, use gigabit network, and identical virtual switches with the same name

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16
Q

What are the two authentication protocols are available for Live Migration?

A

Credential Security Support Provider (CredSSP) and Kerberos

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17
Q

What is the default authentication protocol for Live Migration?

A

CredSSP

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18
Q

What configuration is required to use Kerberos for Live Migration?

A

The server must be configured for constrained delegation

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19
Q

What two services must be enabled to use Kerberos for Live Migration?

A

CIFS and Microsoft Virtual System Migration Service

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20
Q

What are the limits of Failover Clustering?

A

64 servers, 8,000 VMs, and 1,024 VMs per node

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21
Q

What are the requirements for Microsoft to support a server with Failover Clustering?

A

All hardware and software components in the cluster nodes must meet the qualifications for the Certified for Windows Server 2016 logo

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22
Q

What are two types of dedicated networks recommended for Failover Clustering?

A

Dedicated networks for cluster and storage traffic

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23
Q

What tools can verify if servers are eligible to be in a Failover Cluster?

A

Validate Cluster Wizard or the Test-Cluster cmdlet

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24
Q

What tools can be used to create a Failover Cluster?

A

Create Cluster Wizard or the New-Cluster cmdlet

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25
Q

What type of object is created in Active Directory for a cluster?

A

Cluster Name Object (CNO)

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26
Q

What account setup is required for a Failover Cluster that does not use AD?

A

Identical local accounts must be set up on each server

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27
Q

What registry key must be set when creating non-Administrator local accounts for a Failover Cluster?

A

LocalAccountTokenFilterPolicy

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28
Q

What DNS settings are required for a Failover Cluster that doesn’t use AD?

A

All nodes must have the same DNS suffix

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29
Q

What PowerShell option is required when creating a Failover Cluster that does not use AD?

A

-AdministrativeAccessPoint DNS

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30
Q

What is the function of quorum in a Failover Cluster?

A

To make sure that nodes do not go into a split-brain situation where they update out-of-sync, by making sure that 50% +1 nodes can see each other at all times

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31
Q

What are the three types of quorum witnesses in a Failover Cluster?

A

Disk Witness (dedicated disk in shared storage), File Share Witness (SMB share with Witness.log file), and Cloud Witness (Azure blob)

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32
Q

What type of quorum witness is best for a single site?

A

Disk Witness

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33
Q

What type of quorum witness is best for clusters spanning multiple sites?

A

File Share Witness

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34
Q

What type of quorum witness provides independence from all sites?

A

Cloud Witness

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35
Q

What tools can be used to modify a cluster quorum?

A

Configure Cluster Quorum Wizard or the Set-ClusterQuorum cmdlet

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36
Q

What are the four types of network traffic that should be separated for a cluster?

A

Client communication, cluster communication (heartbeats), iSCSI, and Live Migration

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37
Q

What are some network hardware recommendations to increase high availability?

A

Use separate network adapters of different brands, separate switches, and redundant network connections or NIC Teaming

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38
Q

How are networks automatically configured for cluster?

A

Networks with iSCSI traffic are disabled for cluster communication, networks with no default gateway are designated for cluster communications only, networks with a default gateway are configured for client and cluster communication

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39
Q

How do you configure a cluster network for client and/or cluster communication via PowerShell?

A

(Get-ClusterNetwork “networkname”).role =1 # 0 disables cluster communication, 1 enables cluster communication only, 3 enables client and cluster communication

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40
Q

What part of a cluster can Windows Backup back up?

A

The cluster database, limited options for Cluster Shared Volumes (CSVs)

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41
Q

What two types of restores are possible for a cluster?

A

Non-authoritative: restores the database to be overwritten by the cluster; Authoritative: Restores the database as the reference for the cluster

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42
Q

What tool is used to restore a cluster database?

A

wbadmin, GUI is unavailable

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43
Q

What are some shared storage technologies supported by Server 2016?

A

Fibre channgel, serial attached SCSI (SAS), and iSCSI

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44
Q

What is the cheapest form of shared storage?

A

iSCSI

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45
Q

What are the minimum requirements for creating a storage pool?

A

Three disks of at least 4 GB capacity each

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46
Q

What tool is used to apply Windows updates to clustered nodes?

A

Cluster-Aware Updating (CAU)

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47
Q

What is the name for the node that manages cluster updates?

A

Update Coordinator

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48
Q

What are two modes used by an Update Coordinator?

A

Self-updating and remote updating

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49
Q

What is required for a node to act as an Update Coordinator?

A

The Failover Clustering tools (the Failover Clustering feature is not required by remote updating nodes)

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50
Q

Which PowerShell cmdlet is used to verify that a cluster is ready for updates?

A

Test-CauSetup

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51
Q

Which PowerShell cmdlet is used to set up Cluster-Aware Updating?

A

Add-CauClusterRole

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52
Q

Which PowerShell cmdlet is used to trigger Cluster-Aware Updating?

A

Invoke-CauRun

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53
Q

What method can be used to perform OS upgrades on nodes in a cluster?

A

Cluster Operating System Rolling Upgrade

54
Q

What OS upgrade paths are possible with cluster upgrades?

A

Server 2012 R2 to Server 2016

55
Q

What is the process of a Cluster Operating System Rolling Upgrade?

A

Pause the node, migrate its workload, evict it from the cluster, perform a clean OS install, configure network and storage connections, install Failover Clustering, add the node back into the cluster, reimplement the cluster workload

56
Q

Which PowerShell cmdlet is used to raise the functional level of a cluster after all the nodes have been upgraded to a new OS?

A

Update-ClusterFunctionalLevel

57
Q

Which PowerShell cmdlet is used to add a disk to a Failover Cluster?

A

Add-ClusterDisk

58
Q

What type of volume can be simultaneously mounted on multiple nodes?

A

Cluster Shared Volume (CSV)

59
Q

What type of filesystem does a cluster shared volume use?

A

CSVFS, which acts as a layer on top of NTFS to prevent filesystem corruption

60
Q

What volume management options are exclusive to the owner of a cluster shared volume?

A

Formatting, shrinking, and deleting

61
Q

Which PowerShell cmdlet is used to add a cluster shared volume to a node?

A

Add-ClusterSharedVolume

62
Q

What is a feature of cluster shared volumes that can improve read performance?

A

Block caching

63
Q

What is the default cache size of a cluster shared volume?

A

0, which leaves it effectively disabled

64
Q

What is the maximum size that a cluster shared volume cache can be set to?

A

80% of system memory

65
Q

How do you enable a clustered shared volume cache?

A

Use PowerShell to set the size in megabytes, with the command (Get-Cluster).blockcachesize = 512

66
Q

What is a cluster’s administrative access point?

A

The name by which it is accessed, typically a cluster name object (CNO)

67
Q

What is a cluster VCO?

A

Virtual computer object, created as a client access point

68
Q

What kind of cluster uses DNS instead of AD for client access points?

A

Active Directory-detached cluster

69
Q

What clustered role provides highly available storage for applications?

A

Scale-out File Server (SoFS)

70
Q

What is the difference between SofS and a file server intended for general use?

A

SoFS is active/active, meaning that files are accessible from all nodes, instead of active/passive, where nodes failover to each other

71
Q

How does SoFS increase the efficiency of a cluster?

A

The combined bandwidth of all the nodes increases filesystem I/O

72
Q

How can you create an SoFS share with PowerShell?

A

Use the New-SmbShare cmdlet with the -ContinuouslyAvailable option, and then use Set-SmbPathAcl to match the folder’s filesystem permissions with those of the share

73
Q

What file management options are exclusive to the owner of a CSV?

A

Open, close, create, and rename

74
Q

What are some recommended applications for SoFS?

A

Hyper-V and SQL, because they open large files and leave them open for long periods

75
Q

What performance benefits do general file server clusters have over SoFS ones?

A

The owner node in an SoFS can be a bottleneck for the many metadata operations that a general file server cluster can spread out to other nodes

76
Q

What is created by a combination of Storage Spaces and Failover Clustering?

A

Clustered Storage Spaces

77
Q

What kind of storage is required for Clustered Storage Spaces

A

SAS JBOD arrays that do not replicate Storage Spaces features, such as RAID

78
Q

What feature allow for replicating volumes for disaster recovery purposes?

A

Storage Replica

79
Q

What is an isolated cluster node?

A

A node that is not actively a member of a cluster, but still has a role, usually happens during a transient failure

80
Q

What is a quarantined cluster node?

A

A node drained of its roles and removed from the cluster for a period after it has left and reentered the cluster three times in an hour

81
Q

What are the possible values of ResiliencyLevel?

A

1 = use isolation only if node supplies reason, 2 = (default) use isolation to allow node time to recover

82
Q

What is the ResiliencyDefaultPeriod and what is its default value?

A

Defines how long nodes in the whole cluster can remain isolated, default value is 240 seconds

83
Q

How can the default resiliency period be overridden for a particular cluster group?

A

(Get-ClusterGroup “groupname”).ResiliencyPeriod = 240

84
Q

How can you define the number of failures a node can sustain before it is put in quarantine?

A

(Get-Cluster).QuarantineThreshold = 3 # Default value

85
Q

How can you specify the length of time a node remains in quarantine?

A

(Get-Cluster).QuarantineDuration = 7200 # Default value

86
Q

What is the acronym S2D stand for?

A

Storage Spaces Direct

87
Q

Which edition of Windows Server includes Storage Spaces Direct?

A

Server 2016 Datacenter

88
Q

How many nodes can be in a Storage Spaces Direct cluster?

A

16

89
Q

How many drives can be in a Storage Spaces Direct cluster?

A

400

90
Q

What are the disk requirements for Storage Spaces Direct?

A

Recommended minimum of 2 SSDs and 4 HDDs, no RAID or partitions

91
Q

What communication protocols are used by Storage Spaces Direct?

A

SMB3 (including Direct and Multichannel) and RDMA

92
Q

What are Microsoft’s networking recommendations for Storage Spaces Direct?

A

At least two 10 Gbps Ethernet adapters per node that use RDMA

93
Q

How do you turn on Storage Spaces Direct?

A

Use the Enable-ClusterStorageSpacesDirect PowerShell cmdlet

94
Q

What tasks does the Enable-ClusterStorageSpacesDirect cmdlet perform?

A

Looks for local unpartitioned disks, creates caches based on disk type and connection, and creates a disk pool

95
Q

What steps are required to use Storage Spaces Direct with failover clustering?

A

Create a cluster with no storage using the -NoStorage parameter of the New-Cluster cmdlet, then enable S2D, after which the storage will become available to the cluster

96
Q

What is the designated application for Storage Spaces Direct?

A

Supporting a Hyper-V cluster

97
Q

What are Microsoft’s two deployment scenarios for using Storage Spaces Direct with Hyper-V clusters?

A

Disaggregated/converged deployment (separate storage and Hyper-V clusters), and hyper-converged

98
Q

What are the advantages of a disaggregated deployment of Storage Spaces Direct?

A

It allows the storage cluster and Hyper-V cluster to scale independently

99
Q

What are the advantages of a hyper-converged Storage Spaces Direct and Hyper-V cluster?

A

It is cheaper to implement, since you only need one cluster of nodes

100
Q

What is SMB Transparent Failover?

A

Allows a client session to be transferred between cluster nodes without interruption, requires SMB 3 available on Server 2012 and Windows 8 minimum

101
Q

What is SMB Scale-Out?

A

Enables shares to be accessible from all nodes simultaneously, increasing bandwidth, requires SMB 2

102
Q

What is SMB Multichannel?

A

Enables file servers to combine bandwidth from multiple network adapters automatically

103
Q

What is SMB Direct?

A

Uses RDMA to perform direct memory-to-memory transfers between remote systems, minimizing CPU usage, requires SMB 3

104
Q

What is SMB Encryption?

A

Provides end-to-end AES encryption between servers and clients using SMB 3

105
Q

What are the requirements to use VM Monitoring with Failover Clustering?

A

VM must be on same domain as the Hyper-V host, Windows Firewall must have inbound rules for Virtual Machine Monitoring group enabled, and the Hyper-V cluster admin must be a member of the local admin group on the VM

106
Q

How can you configure cluster VM monitoring using PowerShell?

A

Add-ClusterVmMonitoredItedm -VirtualMachine -Service

107
Q

What technology allows for a Failover Cluster to determine the location of nodes?

A

Site-aware failover clustering

108
Q

How do you enable site-aware failover clustering?

A

Use the New-ClusterFaultDomain cmdlet to designate a failover site, then use the Set-ClusterFaultDomain cmdlet to add nodes to the site

109
Q

What is failover affinity?

A

Describes a failover cluster’s default behavior of failing over to nodes on the same site first

110
Q

What parameters can be set to account for heartbeat latency in multi-site clusters?

A

CrossSiteDelay (time delay between sending heartbeats) and CrossSiteThreshold (number of missed heartbeats before site is marked failed)

111
Q

How can the preferred site of a multi-site cluster be set?

A

(Get-Cluster).preferredsite = sitename

112
Q

How can node fairness be enabled/disabled in PowerShell?

A

(Get-Cluster).AutoBalancerMode = 0 (disabled), 1 (balance when node joins), or 2 (balance when node joins and every 30 minutes, default)

113
Q

How can the aggressiveness of node fairness be set using PowerShell?

A

(Get-Cluster).AutoBalancerLevel = 1 (low, migrates when 80% loaded), 2 (medium, 70%), and 3 (high, 60%)

114
Q

Which PowerShell cmdlet initates a live migration for a cluster?

A

Move-ClusterVirtualMachineRole

115
Q

In what situation would it make sense to use quick migration over live migration?

A

When a VM is stopped

116
Q

What is not moved during a Live Migration?

A

The VM’s storage

117
Q

When importing a VM, what is an important step to prevent conflicts?

A

Use the -GenerateNewId parameter of Import-VM to generate a new SID

118
Q

What feature ensures that a VM on a cluster has a working connection to a designated network?

A

Network health protection

119
Q

Which PowerShell cmdlet drains the roles from a VM node?

A

Suspend-ClusterNode

120
Q

How can you prevent nodes from draining their roles before shutdown?

A

(Get-Cluster).DrainOnShutdown = 0

121
Q

How many hosts are supported by Network Load Balancing (NLB)?

A

2 to 32

122
Q

What are servers called in Failover Clustering versus Network Load Balancing?

A

Failover clusters have nodes, while NLB clusters have hosts

123
Q

What is the NLB process for determining how to spread load across hosts?

A

Convergence

124
Q

What are the network requirements for NLB?

A

All hosts in an NLB cluster must be on the same subnet have static IP addresses

125
Q

What is the best way to gain cross-site fault tolerance with NLB?

A

Use NLB on each site, then use techniques such as DNS round robin to balance requests between sites

126
Q

How can you configure NLB to track and route sessions between individual clients and servers?

A

Set affinity to “single”

127
Q

Which NLB setting determines how much traffic is handled by a host?

A

Load weight

128
Q

What are the two NLB Cluster Operation Modes?

A

Unicast and multicast

129
Q

What special configuration should be applied when using the unicast mode of NLB?

A

Add a second network adapter with a unique MAC address to enable host-to-host communication, since every host in an NLB cluster normally has the same MAC address

130
Q

What configuration is applied by NLB multicast mode so multiple adapters are not needed?

A

NLB adds a second multicast MAC address to the network adapter, in addition to its standard one

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