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Book 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for the hypervisor?

A

Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM)

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2
Q

What is type 1 virtualization?

A

The hypervisor interfaces directly with hardware, and all operating systems run as guests

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3
Q

What is type 2 virtualization?

A

The hypervisor runs as an application on the host OS

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4
Q

What type of virtualization was used on older versions of Windows Server?

A

Type 2

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5
Q

What type of virtualization is used by Server 2016?

A

Type 1

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6
Q

How many logical processors can a Server 2016 system running Hyper-V have?

A

512

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7
Q

How many virtual CPUs can Server 2016 running Hyper-V support?

A

2048

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8
Q

How much memory can Server 2016 running Hyper-V support?

A

24 TB

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9
Q

How many active virtual machines can Server 2016 support in Hyper-V?

A

1024

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10
Q

How many virtual CPUs can a Generation 1 Hyper-V VM support?

A

64

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11
Q

How much memory can a Generation 1 Hyper-V VM support?

A

1 TB

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12
Q

How many virtual CPUs can a Generation 2 Hyper-V VM support?

A

240

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13
Q

How much memory can a Generation 2 Hyper-V VM support?

A

12 TB

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14
Q

How many nodes are supported in a Hyper-V cluster?

A

64

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15
Q

How many virtual machines are supported in a Hyper-V cluster?

A

8000

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16
Q

How can Hyper-V Server be configured?

A

Cmd, Sconfig, or remotely via Server Manager or Hyper-V Manager

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17
Q

What are the hardware requirements of Hyper-V?

A

A 64-bit CPU that supports hardware-assisted virtualization and second-level address translation (SLAT), e.g. Intel VT or AMD-V
Hardware-enforced DEP, e.g. Intel XD or AMD NX
VM Monitor Mode extensions, e.g. Intel VT-c,
BIOS/UEFI virtualization support
4 GB RAM

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18
Q

How can you confirm that hardware supports Hyper-V?

A

Run Systeminfo.exe and check the Hyper-V Requirements list

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19
Q

What PowerShell command installs Hyper-V?

A

Install-WindowsFeature -Name Hyper-V -IncludeManagementTools -Restart

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20
Q

How can you install Hyper-V on a system that does not have the right hardware requirements?

A

Add the feature to an OS image via DISM: dism /online /enable-feature /featurename:microsoft-hyper-v; it will not run, however

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21
Q

How can you install only the Hyper-V management tools?

A

Skip installing roles and install the RSAT feature, either from Server Manager or from PowerShell as Install-WindowsFeature -Name RSAT-Hyper-V-Tools

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22
Q

How can you install the GUI Hyper-V manager by itself?

A

Install-WindowsFeature -Name Hyper-V-Tools

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23
Q

How can you install the PowerShell Hyper-V modules by themselves?

A

Install-WindowsFeature -Name Hyper-V-PowerShell

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24
Q

What three methods can be used to migrate Hyper-V Vms during a server upgrade?

A

Export as files; Hyper-V Replica, or Share Nothing Life Migration

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25
Q

What management group grants rights to manage Hyper-V VMs?

A

Hyper-V Administrators

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26
Q

What is the recommended tool for granting granular Hyper-V management permissions, and what tool does it replace?

A

System Center Virtual Machine Manager (VMM)

Replaces Authorization Manager (Azman.msc)

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27
Q

How can a PC connect to a Hyper-V server without AD?

A

Use the Credential Security Support Provider (CredSSP) protocol

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28
Q

What are the two methods for managing Hyper-V via PowerShell?

A

PowerShell remoting, aka explicit remoting, where a PS session is opened on the remote machine, does not require Hyper-V on the local machine

Implicit remoting, where the name of the remote computer is specified in the -ComputerName parameter, requires Hyper-V on the local system

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29
Q

What is the one major advantage of implicit remoting with PowerShell?

A

You can often specify computer names as an array, allowing for the execution of the same command on multiple servers

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30
Q

What PowerShell command is used to connect to a guest OS from the host OS?

A

Enter-PSSession -vmname server

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31
Q

What PowerShell command can execute code on a VM?

A

Invoke-Command -vmname server -ScriptBlock {}

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32
Q

What PowerShell commands can be used to copy files to and from a VM?

A

Copy-Item -ToSession and Copy-Item -FromSession

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33
Q

What are the hardware requirements to run nested virtualization in Hyper-V?

A

An Intel CPU with VT-x and Extended Page Tables (EPT)

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34
Q

What are the OS requirements to run nested virtualization?

A

Server 2016

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35
Q

What settings must be changed to use nested virtualization?

A

The host VM must be set to access virtualization extensions, dynamic memory must be disabled, the number of virtual processors must be set to 2, and MAC address spoofing must be enabled

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36
Q

What Hyper-V features are not supported in nested virtualization?

A

Live memory resizing, checkpoints, live migration, and save/restore

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37
Q

What type of file stores a Hyper-V VM configuration?

A

Virtual machine configuration (.vmc)

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38
Q

What type of file stores a Hyper-V VM saved state?

A

A .vsv file

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39
Q

What PowerShell command creates a new Hyper-V VM?

A

New-VM -Name -MemoryStartupBytes -Generation -NewVHDSizeBytes

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40
Q

How do you list all the Hyper-V PowerShell cmdlets?

A

Get-Command -Module Hyper-V

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41
Q

What versions of Windows allow changes in memory allocation while running?

A

Server 2016

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42
Q

What PowerShell command changes the memory size of a VM?

A

Set-VMMemory -VMName -StartupBytes

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43
Q

What Hyper-V feature automatically allocates memory to VMs

A

Dynamic memory

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44
Q

What does the memory buffer setting define?

A

A percentage of currently allocated memory that should be retained as a buffer for future expansion

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45
Q

What are some limitations imposed by dynamic memory?

A

You cannot enable/disable dynamic memory while a VM is running; You cannot modify the RAM setting when DM is enabled, you cannot raise the minimum RAM setting or lower the maximum RAM setting

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46
Q

What is an example of an application that should NOT use dynamic memory?

A

Microsoft Exchange, because it is designed to use all memory available to it at all times

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47
Q

What Hyper-V integration allows for removing memory from a running guest, and how does it work?

A

The balloon driver locks excess memory so Hyper-V can reclaim it in the background

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48
Q

What can cause the memory amount shown in a guest VM and Hyper-V to differ?

A

The balloon driver gives a misleading figure to the guest: Hyper-V has the correct allocation amount

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49
Q

What is NUMA?

A

Non-Uniform Memory Access: divides logical processors and memory into NUMA nodes, so that the logical processor can access memory on its bus for higher performance

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50
Q

In a NUMA architecture, what type of memory is on the logical processor�s bus?

A

Local memory

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51
Q

In a NUMA architecture, what type of memory is on a different logical processor�s bus?

A

Remote memory or foreign memory

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52
Q

What is a NUMA ratio?

A

The difference between accessing local and remote memory

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53
Q

What is an example of an application that takes advantage of NUMA?

A

Microsoft SQL Server

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54
Q

What Hyper-V feature allows for a VM to use memory from NUMA nodes other than its own?

A

NUMA spanning

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55
Q

What are some benefits and drawbacks of enabling NUMA spanning?

A

It allows a VM to use any memory on the host server, but sometimes at the expense of performance

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56
Q

What are some benefits and drawbacks of disabling NUMA spanning?

A

It gives more consistent performance to VMs, but if memory within a VM�s NUMA is not available, it will not start

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57
Q

What two Hyper-V memory features cannot be used at the same time?

A

Dynamic memory and NUMA

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58
Q

What Hyper-V feature uses disk as spare memory during a VM boot when not enough RAM is available?

A

Smart paging

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59
Q

What Hyper-V feature allows for monitoring VM resource usage?

A

Resource metering

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60
Q

What resources are tracked with resource metering in Hyper-V?

A

CPU (MHz), memory (min/max/avg in MB), network (in/out MB), and disk

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61
Q

What PowerShell command enables Hyper-V resource metering?

A

Enable-VMResourceMetering -VMName

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62
Q

What PowerShell command retrieves resource metering statistics for a VM?

A

Measure-VM -VMName

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63
Q

What PowerShell command sets resource metering metrics back to 0 for a VM?

A

Reset-VMResourceMetering

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64
Q

What PowerShell command disables Hyper-V resource metering?

A

Disable-VMResourceMetering -VMName

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65
Q

What Integration Services are available in Hyper-V?

A

OS shutdown, time sync, data exchange, heartbeat, backup, and guest services

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66
Q

Which Integration Service is not enabled by default in Hyper-V?

A

Guest services

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67
Q

In what situation would it make sense to disable time synchronization in Hyper-V?

A

If you are running an AD DC that is configured to sync time from an external source

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68
Q

What is the data exchange Integration Service in Hyper-V?

A

Also known as key-value pair (KVP), it enables guests and hosts to share information without a network connection

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69
Q

How is the heartbeat Integration Service used in Hyper-V?

A

To detect if a guest is unresponsive

70
Q

What is backed up using the backup Integration Service in Hyper-V?

A

The VM configuration, virtual hard disks, and any checkpoints

71
Q

What is required for a Hyper-V guest to use the backup Integration Service?

A

An NTFS filesystem with volume shadow copy enabled

72
Q

What is the guest services integration used for in Hyper-V?

A

To copy files to and from a VM using VMBus

73
Q

What PowerShell cmdlet copies files over VMBus to a Hyper-V VM?

A

Copy-VMFile

74
Q

What changes do Generation 2 Hyper-V VMs make for storage support?

A

Gen 2 supports SCSI rather than IDE or floppy, and thus cannot boot to those devices, but can support 64 devices on a controller and perform hot disk swapping

75
Q

What changes do Generation 2 Hyper-V VMs make for PXE boot support?

A

Gen 2 supports booting from PXE over the native network adapter, rather than the legacy one required by Gen 1

76
Q

What are the boot volume size limits of Gen 1 vs. Gen 2 VMs?

A

Gen 1 boots from up to 2 TB disks, while Gen 2 can boot from up to 64 TB disks

77
Q

What operating systems are not compatible with Generation 2 VMs?

A

Server 2008 R2, Windows 7, some older Linux, all FreeBSD, all 32-bit operating systems

78
Q

What program is used to connect to Hyper-V VMs?

A

Virtual Machine Connection (VMConnect.exe)

79
Q

What features does Enhanced Session Mode provide in Hyper-V?

A

Access to the system printer and drives, audio playback and recording, and adjusting screen resolution

80
Q

How do you enable Enhanced Session Mode in Hyper-V?

A

Hyper-V Settings > Server section > Enhanced Session Mode Policy > Allow enhanced session mode AND User section > Enhanced Session Mode > Use Enhanced Session Mode checkbox

81
Q

What are the OS requirements for Enhanced Session Mode?

A

Host running at least Server 2012 or Windows 8, and guest running at least Server 2012 R2 or Windows 8.1

82
Q

What is the set of drivers and components available for Linux and FreeBSD Hyper-V guests?

A

Linux Integration Services (LIS) and FreeBSD Integration Services (FIS)

83
Q

What is a common cause for a VM silently failing to boot?

A

Secure Boot is not working properly

84
Q

How can you use Secure Boot with Linux on Hyper-V?

A

Switch the certificate authority template from Microsoft Windows to Microsoft UEFI Certificate Authority

85
Q

What PowerShell cmdlet shows the supported Hyper-V VM versions on a server?

A

Get-VMHostSupportedVersion

86
Q

How can you upgrade a Hyper-V VM to a newer edition?

A

Select Upgrade Configuration in the Actions pane, or use the Update-VMVersion PowerShell cmdlet

87
Q

What PowerShell cmdlet is used to export a Hyper-V VM?

A

Export-VM -Name -Path

88
Q

If you are re-importing a Hyper-V VM on the same server, what import option must you choose to prevent ID conflicts/

A

Copy the virtual machine

89
Q

What PowerShell cmdlet is used to import a Hyper-V VM?

A

Import-VM -Path

90
Q

What PowerShell cmdlet is used to generate a report specifying an import incompatibility for a Hyper-V VM?

A

Compare-VM

91
Q

What Hyper-V allows for direct access to a PCI device?

A

Discrete Device Assignment (DDA)

92
Q

What storage controllers are created by default in a Generation 1 Hyper-V VM?

A

Two IDE controllers (for the system drive and optical drive) and one SCSI controller that is unpopulated

93
Q

What storage controllers are created by default in a Generation 2 Hyper-V VM?

A

One SCSI controller for all bootable devices

IDE is not available

94
Q

How many devices can be attached to an IDE controller?

A

Two

95
Q

What is the maximum size of a VHD drive?

A

2 TB

96
Q

What is the maximum size of a VHDX drive?

A

64 TB

97
Q

What is the maximum block size of a VHDX drive?

A

256 MB

98
Q

What logical sector sizes are supported by VHDX drives to make them compatible with certain physical drives?

A

4 KB

99
Q

What are the minimum OS requirements to read a VHDX file?

A

Windows Server 2012 R2 or Windows 8.1

100
Q

What are VHD Sets?

A

.VHDS files are used in clusters, and support online resizing, Hyper-V replica, and application-consistent checkpoints

101
Q

What are the benefits to a fixed size virtual disk file?

A

More efficient performance and less fragmentation of the file

102
Q

What can cause performance issues in dynamically expanding disks?

A

The disk file can become highly fragmented

103
Q

What type of disk has a parent image and child image of changes?

A

Differencing

104
Q

What PowerShell cmdlet is used to create a VHD?

A

New-VHD -Path -Fixed|-Dynamic|-Differencing -SizeBytes

105
Q

What two parameters can New-VHD set on a disk that are unavailable in the GUI?

A

Block size and logical sector size

106
Q

What controller can a Generation 1 Hyper-V VM not boot from?

A

SCSI

107
Q

How many drives can a Hyper-V SCSI controller support?

A

64

108
Q

What is an AVHDX file?

A

The part of the VHD set that contains the data

109
Q

What is a VHDS file?

A

A VHD set file that contains metadata for coordinating disk activities

110
Q

How do you create a VHD set in PowerShell?

A

Use the New-VHD cmdlet but add a .vhds extension to the filename

111
Q

How do you create a differencing disk in PowerShell?

A

Use the -Differencing and -ParentPath options of the New-VHD cmdlet

112
Q

What Action in the Disk Management MMC is used to mount a VHD?

A

Attach VHD

113
Q

What PowerShell cmdlets are used to attach VHDs?

A

Mount-VHD and Dismount-VHD

114
Q

How can roles and features be installed on a VHD disk?

A

Use the Install-WindowsFeature cmdlet with the -VHD option

115
Q

What type of disk is physical but accessed by a Hyper-V VM?

A

A pass-through disk

116
Q

What is necessary to make a physical disk accessible in Hyper-V?

A

The disk must be taken offline, either in the Disk Management MMC or with the Set-Disk -IsOffline cmdlet

117
Q

What PowerShell cmdlet adds a pass-through disk to a Hyper-V VM?

A

Add-VMHardDiskDrive -VMName -ControllerType -DiskNumber

118
Q

What happens when you compact a virtual hard disk?

A

Deletes empty space of dynamic or differencing disks, without reducing their size

119
Q

When is it possible to shrink a virtual hard disk?

A

When there is unpartitioned space available at the end of the disk

120
Q

What is the merge operation used for on virtual hard disks?

A

To combine parent and child differencing disks

121
Q

What PowerShell cmdlet is used to compact a virtual hard disk?

A

Optimize-VHD

122
Q

How do you merge multiple child differencing disks to a parent disk in PowerShell?

A

Specify the youngest child disk, and all the intermediate ones will automatically be merged

123
Q

What is an older term for Hyper-V checkpoints?

A

Snapshots

124
Q

What PowerShell cmdlet is used to create Hyper-V checkpoints?

A

Checkpoint-VM

125
Q

What PowerShell cmdlet is used to apply a Hyper-V checkpoint?

A

Restore-VMCheckPoint

126
Q

What is not a recommended use case for Hyper-V checkpoints?

A

Production systems, since multiple checkpoints can impact performance

127
Q

What is the difference between standard and production checkpoints?

A

Standard checkpoints take both the disk and memory state, while production checkpoints use VSS in Windows or File System Freeze in Linux to take only the disk state

128
Q

What PowerShell cmdlet is used to set the checkpoint type of a Hyper-V VM?

A

Set-VM -Name -CheckPointType

129
Q

What is required for Hyper-V to connect to a physical fibre channel host bus adapter?

A

The host bust adapter msut have drivers that support virtual fibre channel and N_Port ID Virtualization (NPIV), and the SAN must address resources using logical unit numbers (LUNs)

130
Q

What two addresses does the Hyper-V fibre channel adapter make available to a VM?

A

The virtual SAN�s World Wide Node Name (WWNN) and World Wide Port Name (WWPN)

131
Q

What Hyper-V feature helps prevent a VM from monopolizing a disk?

A

Storage Quality of Service (QoS)

132
Q

What Storage QoS parameters can be configured?

A

Minimum IOPS and maximum IOPS

133
Q

What PowerShell cmdlet is used to configure storage QoS?

A

Set-VMHardDiskDrive -MinimumIOPS -MaximumIOPS

134
Q

What PowerShell cmdlets can be used to help determine the appropriate IOPS for Storage QoS?

A

Enable-VMResourceMetering and Measure-VM

135
Q

How many network adapters can you create for a Hyper-V VM?

A

Eight

136
Q

What PowerShell cmdlet creates a network adapter for a Hyper-V VM?

A

Add-VMNetworkAdapter -VMName -SwitchName

137
Q

What PowerShell cmdlet deletes a network adapter from a Hyper-V VM?

A

Remove-VMNetworkAdapter -VMName -VMNetworkAdapter

138
Q

How many virtual ports are available on a Hyper-V virtual switch?

A

Unlimited

139
Q

What are the three kinds of Hyper-V virtual switches?

A

External, internal, and private

140
Q

How can Single Root IO Virtualization (SR-IOV) be enabled on a Hyper-V switch?

A

The option must be selected when creating a new external virtual switch

141
Q

How many virtual switches can be created in Hyper-V?

A

One external switch for each physical adapter, and unlimited internal and private switches

142
Q

What PowerShell cmdlet is used to create a Hyper-V virtual switch?

A

New-VMSwitch -Name -NetAdapterName|-SwitchType

143
Q

What Hyper-V networking feature allows for queuing network packets separatedly on the physical network adapter?

A

Enable Virtual Machine Queue (VMQ)

144
Q

What Hyper-V networking feature allows for offloading some cryptographic processing used by IPsec?

A

Enable IPsec Task Offloading

145
Q

What Hyper-V networking feature allows a guest to share the hardware resources of a PCI Express network card?

A

Single-Root IO Virtualization (SR-IOV)

146
Q

What is a good way to improve network performance for Hyper-V VMs?

A

Assign a unique physical network adapter to each VM through a virtual switch

147
Q

What is the most efficient way for multiple VMs on the same host communicate with each other?

A

A private network

148
Q

What is a simple way to enable name resolution for VMs on a private network?

A

Add the hostnames and static IP addresses to the HOSTS file in C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc

149
Q

By default, how is a MAC address generated for Hyper-V VMs?

A

Bytes 1-3 are the 00-15-5D OUI for Microsoft, bytes 4-5 are the last two bytes of the host adapter�s IP address, and byte 6 is a range between 00 and FF

150
Q

By default, how large is the MAC address pool of a Hyper-V virtual switch?

A

256 addresses

151
Q

How many network adapters does Microsoft recommend you have on a Hyper-V host?

A

Two: one for host traffic and the other for VMs

152
Q

How can Hyper-V VMs on multiple hosts access the same private virtual network?

A

Use VLANs over external switches

153
Q

What is the main difference between a synthetic and legacy network adapter in Hyper-V?

A

Legacy adapters communicate through the hypervisor, while synthetic adapters communicate over VMBus, providing much better performance

154
Q

What is the one major advantage of using a legacy adapter?

A

It allows Generation 1 VMs to PXE boot (Generation 2 VMs support this through synthetic adapters)

155
Q

How many NICs can be put in a NIC team on a Hyper-V guest versus a host?

A

Guests can have 2 NICs while hosts can have up to 32 NICs

156
Q

How can Hyper-V guests access a NIC team?

A

Create a NIC team on the host, connect an external switch to it, and then connect the guest to the switch

157
Q

What three settings must be set when creating a NIC team for Hyper-V?

A

Teaming mode: switch independent, Load balancing mode: Hyper-V port, Standby adapter: None

158
Q

How is a NIC team represented as a device in Windows?

A

Through the Microsoft Network Adapter Multiplexor Driver

159
Q

What option must be selected on a Hyper-V guest to use NIC teaming?

A

In the network adapter settings under Advanced Features, select Enable This Network Adapter To Be Part Of A Team In The Guest Operating System

160
Q

What are the requirements to support VMQ in Hyper-V?

A

Windows Server 2012 R2, network adapter support, latest drivers, VM adapters must have Enable Virtual Machine Queue checked in Hardware Acceleration page

161
Q

How do you enable VMQ in PowerShell?

A

Enable-NetAdapterVMQ -Name

162
Q

How can you verify that a network adapter supports VMQ?

A

Use the Get-NetAdapterVmqQueue cmdlet

163
Q

How can you modify the VMQ parameters of a network adapter?

A

Use the Set-NetAdapterVmq cmdlet

164
Q

What is a Hyper-V-only variation of NIC teaming?

A

Switch Embedded Teaming (SET)

165
Q

What technology is used to transfer large amounts of data over a network by directly pulling from memory (bypassing the CPU)?

A

Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA)

166
Q

What are the requirements to use SET and RDMA together in a Hyper-V virtual switch?

A

Up to 8 physical adapters on the host, all of which pass Windows Hardware Qualification and Logo (WHQL), all the same model/firmware/drivers, all running same speed, not necessarily on same physical switch, Data Center Bridging (DCB) recommended

167
Q

How do you create a virtual switch with SET enabled?

A

Use the New-VMSwitch cmdlet with the -EnableEmbeddedTeaming parameter

168
Q

How do you enable RDMA on a SET team?

A

View the adapters with Get0NetAdapterRDMA, and enable them with Enable-NetAdapterRDMA

169
Q

What settings can improve network QoS in Hyper-V?

A

Set minimum and maximum bandwidth of virtual adapters

170
Q

What happens if the maximum bandwidth of all network adapters is greater than the bandwidth of the physical device?

A

The host can be shut out of the network

171
Q

What network QoS feature can be set in PowerShell that is not available in the GUI?

A

Minimum bandwidth weight

Book 1 (6 decks)

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