Chapter 5

Question 1

What are the four key elements in the scientific approach?

Answer 1

1. Objectivity
2. Replication
3. Self-correction
4. Control

Question 2

Objectivity

Answer 2

describe and measure things in a concrete, quantifiable manner

objective measurements of the phenomenon under consideration

Question 3

Replication

Answer 3

must be able to repeat the study in the exact same manner

the ability to verify or confirm the measurements made by other individuals

Question 4

Self-correction

Answer 4

errors in results or reasoning corrected by replications or public scrutiny

self correction of errors and faulty reasoning

Question 5

control

Answer 5

establish controlled settings and procedures to find causal relationships

exercising control to rule out the influence of unwanted factors

Question 6

independent variable

Answer 6

the factor that the researcher directly manipulates or chooses

the factor thatdefines the groups being compared (that is expected to change a behavior)

Question 7

dependent variable

Answer 7

the recorded information in the experiment

the behavior measured that might change because of the IV treatment

Question 8

extraneous variables

Answer 8

factors, other than the independent variable, that could influence the behavior (DV) and change the results of your experiment

if an extraneous variable is present, we have no way of knowing whether the extraneous variable or the IV caused the effect we observe

Question 9

research hypothesis

Answer 9

also referred to as the experimental hypothesis

formal statement of the research question, supported by previous research studies

our PREDICTION about the relation that exists between the IV that we are going to manipulate and theDV that we will record

Question 10

Synthetic statements

Answer 10

Can be either true or false. LIKE. We don’t know

Ex. “abused children have lower self-esteem”

Question 11

analytic statements

Answer 11

are ALWAYS true

“abused children have lower self-esteem”
“abused children do not have lower self-esteem”

Question 12

contradictory statements

Answer 12

statements that are ALWAYS false

“abused children have lower self-esteem and do not have lower self-esteem”

Question 13

Which of the three statements would we use to form a research hypothesis?

Answer 13

synthetic

the hypothesis must also follow falsifiability

Question 14

general implication form

Answer 14

if…then…than form

Question 15

the ‘if’ portion

Answer 15

refers to the independent variable manipulation that we are going to make

Question 16

the ‘then’ portion

Answer 16

refers to the DV changes we expect to observe

Question 17

the ‘than’ portion

Answer 17

refers to the control groups

Question 18

principle of falsifiability

Answer 18

when a hypothesis is in general implication form, it is possible that a resultis true (supported by the results of the study) or false (not supported by the results of the study)

Question 19

inductive logic

Answer 19

specific cases –> general theory
(observation, observation, observation and then theory)

involves reasoning from specific cases to general principles

is the process that is involved in the construction of theories

Question 20

deductive logic

Answer 20

theory/model –> specific question

involves reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions or predictions

Question 21

directional hypotheses

Answer 21

specifies the outcome of the experiment

“abused children will have lower self esteem than nonabused children”

Question 22

non-directional hypothesis

Answer 22

does not predict the exact directional outcome

“the self esteem levels of abused children and nonabused children will be different”