Chapter 5 Flashcards
T/F according to DSM, substance abuse is considered a disease
true –> DISEASE MODEL
practical consequences of labeling something as a disease?
funding, gets public perception
Substance Use Disorder can be described as either ___ or ____
moderate or severe
Predisposition Theory
idea that people are born with the disease, or that they acquire it at some point beofre they began to abuse drug
- sugests that some poeple are just more “prone” to become addicts when they use a drug
Exposure Theory
idea that addiction is a disease that is caused by repeated exposure to the drug.
Theory of Addiction as a Physical dependence
the idea that addiction is caused by a person trying to mitigate the physical illness felt (withdrawal) after the drug has left the system… addiction is the result of negative reinforcement
Dependence model
idea that definition means:
1) the state in which a drug produces physical dependence
2) the compulsive self-administration of a drug (addiction)
Problem with dependence model
addiction and dependence is not the same thing. it is possible to be addicted to the drug’s effect but not cause any physical-withdrawal syndroms (dependence), like pot.
Currently, what does dependence mean now?
dependence indicates only PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE rather than addiction
Psychological dependence
idea that a drug may have some sort of psychological withdrawal affect that is non observable that makes an i`ndividual continue using a drug.
Problems with physical and psychological dependence theories
1) not all individuals develop physical dependence
2) some will voluntarily stop taking a drug even with the presence of withdrawal symptoms
3) psychological dependence is CIRCULAR in reasoning–> there is no concrete evidence that shows true dependence.
disease model
suggests that casual use of a drug is the initial stages of disease.
T/F it is important to distinguish casual drug use from drug dependence when modelling addiction in non-human species
true
T/F non human models of addiction should reflect the DSM-V criteria
True ex/
- compulsion to seek and take the drug
- loss of control in limiting intake
- emergence of negative emotional state (anxiety, irritability) when access to the drug is prevented. (ex/ defensive burying)
Positive Reinforcement model?
model that assumes that drugs are self administered because they act as positive reinforcers that stimulate the increase in frequency of behavior.
ex/ rats will learn to push a lever if they realize they get drugs every time (reinforcers lever pushing behavior)
Problems with positive reinforcement model?
1) positive reinforcers can have negative and destructive effects that can motivate people to stop responding (ie get treatment for their addiction).
- even though there are negative things associated with the positive reinforcer, it still often wins because there is immediate pleasureable experience (drunkness), whereas the negative effect is felt later (hangover)
2) positive reinforcer explanation has circular reasoning
Name and explain Factors that alter the “reinforcing” value of the drug–> ie the “addictiveness” of a drug
1) abuse potential: if abuse potential is high, it has a higher reinforcing value.
2) Dose of drug–> is the drug given at the optimum level to produce best effects?
3) Genetic Differences–> can the animal metabolize the drug? (if you were to use alcohol as a positive reinforcer, you couldn’t try and condition rats that do not have alcohol dehydrogenase)
4) Relief of Unpleasant Symptoms–> does the drug get rid of “negative reinforcers?”
5) Task demands: can enhance or diminish reinforcing value of drug (people less likely to drink alcohol even if it has pleasureable effect if they know they have to take a driving test after)
6) Stress–> stressed out subjects may be more willing to seek the reinforcing drug if it makes them feel better.
7) Other Deprivations and motivations (hunger)
8) Previous experience with other drugs or the same drug
9) Withdrawal symptoms. withdrawal symptoms can increase drug intake self administration
10) extended access–> if given unlimited access, will take the drug as much as they can often till they die
11) Priming
12) Conditioned reinforcement
13) Second Order Schedule: when another object or stimulus acquires reinforcing properties because of its association with the drug
definition of Incentive
the attraction to a specific stimulus
Discovery of James Olds and Peter Milner
- electrical stimulation of certain areas of te brain would act as reinforcement and that rats would learn to perform a task in order to cause the stimulation.
- there is a MOTIVATION CONTROL SYSTEM/REINFORCEMENT CENTER in the brain.
Activation-sensorimoto hypothesis
idea that dopamine mediates general arousal, physical effot, and motor activity.
Relevant structures in the motivation control system founded by Olds and Milner
1) mesolimbic dopamine system: VTA and nucleus accumbens–> involves reward and reinforcement seeking, motivation (ACTIVATION)
2) Motor Loop: Basal Ganglia, Thalamus, Cortex
3) Learning and Memory System: amygdala and hippocampus
2 and 3 apart of GUIDANCE–> system components holds information about PAST ACTIONS AND MEMORIES that helped them achieve what they want
Reward Learning Hypotheses
idea that dopamine is used in the acquisition of OPERANTLY conditioned response-reward actions, classically conditioned stimulus-reward, and coding about PREDICTIONS OF REWARD AVAILABILITY based on the guidance system (where reward is, how to achieve it based on past experiences)
Motivational control system proceedings
need state triggered (hunger) –> state detected by motivational control system –> mesolimbic system activated –> animal finds food either using the guidance structures (knows theres food in jar) or by finding food accidentally—>VTA makes dopamine and activates nucleus accumben neurons –> information about new-found food stored in hippocampus–> Newly-found food location gains incentive salience
Incentive salience?
object that was determined to be important will be able to grab the animal’s attention in the future.
- formed by the MESOLIMBIC SYSTEM–> Incentive salience.
