Chapter 2

Question 1

Measures of Unconditioned behavior in non humans

Answer 1

1) inclined plane test–> muscle tone
2) plus maze –> anxiety and fear
3) Paw Lick latency –> reaction time, pain tolerance.

Question 2

Positive vs Negative reinforver

Answer 2

positive reinforcer: something that increases behavior when given (give a reward)

negative reinforcer: something that increases behavior when removed (removing aversive stimuli)

Question 3

Primary vs secondary reinforcer

Answer 3

primary: stimulus that acts as a reinforcer without prior experience (food)
secondary: stimulus that is conditioned to be desirable (grades, money)

Question 4

Ratio schedule

Answer 4

pattern where reinforcement is given based on the number of responses an animal makes

Question 5

Fixed vs Variable ratio schedule

Answer 5

Fixed: animal required to make a number of responses to get reinforced

Variable: number of responses varies from reinforcer to reinforcer

Question 6

Interval schedule

Answer 6

Pattern where reinforcement is given based on time elapsed.

Question 7

Avoidance-escape task

Answer 7

learn a behavior to avoid and escape a shock.

Question 8

Dissociation/state dependent learning

Answer 8

events experiences in a drug state might not have the ability to control behavior when the organism is not in the durg state.

Question 9

How is abuse potential measured?

Answer 9

by how well the drug can act as a reinforcer.

Question 10

Tools for systematic introspection in humans

Answer 10

1) visual analog scale- making a line between two extreme alternatives to indicate how the variable applies to them
2) POMS- participants act on a 5 point scale how each adjective applies to them
3) addiction research center inventory

Question 11

Implicit vs Explicit Memory

Answer 11

implicit= procedural memory- memory about how to do something

explicit= declarative memory, memory about facts–> includes episodic memory: where we remember events that have happened to us