Chapter 5

Question 1

6 correlates of crime

Answer 1

1. age
2. gender
3. ethno-racial
4. socioeconomic
5. spatial location
6. places

Question 2

Age

Answer 2

• young
• homicides 12-24
• peak age 17-19
• age 18-34 = 59% of crimes, 35-44=41%
• crime goes down with age

Question 3

3 factors of maturational reform

Answer 3

1. physiological limitations
2. greater formation of social bonds (spouses, kids that depend on you)
3. people become more socially responsible

Question 4

Gender, males make up __ of crime

Answer 4

• 98% of the accused in sexual assaults
• 91% of weapons offences
• 89 percent of those accused of homicide
• 81% of defendants in adult criminal court
• 85% of admissions to adult correctional services

Question 5

Gender

Answer 5

• females less likely to be charged with criminal offences

- violent males are the most disadvantaged

Question 6

5 pathways for women’s involvement in crime

Answer 6

1. harmed and harming
2. battered women
3. street women
4. drug-connected women
5. other women

Question 7

Role converging hypothesis

Answer 7

As the work roles of women become similar to those of men, so will their involvement in crime. This hypothesis is not supported by research.

Question 8

Evidence for role converging hypothesis (3)

Answer 8

1. Gender gap for criminal offending has declined
   - May be due to changing police charging patterns against female offenders and reduction in male criminal offending
2. Increase in females committing minor property offences, which may reflect the feminization of poverty
3. While more women are in corporate positions, men still commit most corporate crime

Question 9

Race- overrepresentation influenced by location

Answer 9

• Prairies: Aboriginals are overrepresented

- Toronto and Nova Scotia: African Canadians are overrepresented

Question 10

Differential offending hypothesis

Answer 10

there is a difference between racial groups in terms of the incidence, level of seriousness, and persistence of offending patterns

Question 11

Differential treatment hypothesis

Answer 11

structural inequality in the administration of justice is responsible for overrepresentation

Question 12

Aboriginals (7)

Answer 12

1. aboriginal females most overrepresented
2. More likely to be denied bail
3. More time is spent in pretrial detention
4. More likely to be charged with multiple offences
5. More likely not to have representation at court proceedings
6. More than twice as likely to be incarcerated than non-Aboriginal offenders
7. More likely to plead guilty because they are intimidated by the court

Question 13

Cultural theories

Answer 13

• aboriginal cultures are inherently violent
• aboriginal cultures are different from the dominant culture in content or manner of expression which predisposes them to conflict with the law

Question 14

Cultural theories are problematic because

Answer 14

1. presuppose a monolithic static aboriginal culture
2. assume there is “aboriginal behaviour”
3. pathologizes aboriginal culture

Question 15

Structural Theories: Colonial Model

Answer 15

Aboriginal society colonized by Euro-Canadians, which has had devastating psychological and social consequences
- Resulting alienation may manifest itself in crime and a high rate of violence within First Nations

Question 16

Structural Theories: Historic trauma transmission

Answer 16

Acculturation produces “learned helplessness” (fatalism)
- This leads to self-blame, passivity, hostile behaviours, decreased sense of self, which manifests itself in suicide, violence, criminal behaviour

Question 17

Structural Theories: Critical Race Theory (3)

Answer 17

• CJS reflects dominant group’s norms and values and favours that group; enforcement and interpretation of the law is subjective; racism in the CJS is not an aberration, it is “normal”
• Aboriginal people are overrepresented in the CJS because of their exclusion from mainstream society and because of overpolicing and harsh sentences
• Racialization is inherent in the CJS

Question 18

Drug and alcohol misuse

Answer 18

• 75% of inmates enter custody with substance abuse issues; 50% of federal inmates
• “There is a direct link between their substance use and criminal behaviour” (Public Safety Canada, 2014)

Question 19

3 factors that link substance abuse and crime

Answer 19

1. Efforts to support an addiction can lead to involvement in crimes (“psychopharmacological”)
2. Individuals may commit crimes because they are under the influence of drugs or alcohol (“economically compulsive”)
3. The mere possession of illegal drugs in and of itself is a crime
   - Also, violence is intrinsic to illicit drug markets

Question 20

Socioeconomic status: Wright and colleagues

Answer 20

• the link between SES and crime is an indirect one that operates through mediating variables
• Low SES is a catalyst for delinquency because it causes alienation, financial strain, and aggression
  3. High SES promotes delinquency by reducing bonds to conventional values while increasing social power and risk taking behaviours

Question 21

SES (3)

Answer 21

• relationship depends on type of crime
• more educated people commit more sophisticated crimes
• younger/uneducated commit crimes that require no skill

Question 22

Place (Canada)

Answer 22

• crime varies by country
• crime is higher in Western provinces
• three largest cities have lower crime rates than smaller cities

Question 23

Places (neighbourhoods) (4)

Answer 23

1. Violent juvenile behaviour declines when families move to wealthier neighbourhoods
2. Crime and violence are higher in poor, socially disadvantaged neighbourhoods
3. Neighbourhoods with greater “collective efficacy” have less crime
4. Characteristics of neighbourhoods and social context linked to Aboriginal offending in Canada