Chapter 2

Question 1

Common causes for disputes in small-scale societies (7)

Answer 1

1. women
2. improper food distribution
3. asymmetrical gift exchange
4. laziness
5. stringiness
6. theft
7. murder

Question 2

Goal of dispute settlement

Answer 2

restore harmonious relationships in mutually agreeable ways so as to not impede group life

Question 3

Self-based redress

Answer 3

the harmed party took matters into their own hands in order to seek settlement (revenge, negotiation, compensation)

Question 4

Kin-based redress

Answer 4

a member of family sought a settlement on behalf of a harmed family member

Question 5

Self/kin based redress- punishment

Answer 5

public criticism, shaming, ostracism, group expulsion

• light punishment was preferred
• group expulsion meant death for individual which weakened the group

Question 6

Advisor system

Answer 6

counsel advisor sought by disputants, high-status figures (hunters, speakers, warriors)
- acted as a moral authority, made recommendations but did not enforce anything

Question 7

Feudalism

Answer 7

Ca central farm owned by a landlord and small land holdings for a class of farm labourers 
- created collective responsibility

Question 8

Centralization of power (3)

Answer 8

• dispute settlements replaced by feudal lords and laws, trial by ordeal
• William the conqueror, normal kings saw themselves as the injured party (crime against their peace) therefore compensation paid to them
• king’s writs and courts created common law

Question 9

The coalition of merchants and monarchs

Answer 9

• merchants provide money (taxes, loans)
• crown provides land, safe trading, laws of commerce (ex. contract law)
• paved way for lawyers

Question 10

Transnational corporations

Answer 10

• powerful special interest groups
• influence state policies and laws and have the resources to resist governments efforts to regulate them
  Ex. Ford (pinto), worker’s exposure to asbestos, exploitation of free trade zones

Question 11

Crisis of legitimacy

Answer 11

inability of the state to regulate

• practices of big corporations
• pollution
• ecocide
• levels of inequality