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Microbiology > Chapter 5/6 - Microbial Metabolism and Growth > Flashcards

Chapter 5/6 - Microbial Metabolism and Growth Flashcards

0
Q

Redox Reactions

A
  • oxidation and reduction (always together)
  • transfer of electrons from a donor to an acceptor
  • there are 3 different electron carriers = NAD, NADP, FAD

OIL RIG

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1
Q

Metabolism

A
  • the sum of all biochemical reactions in an organism
  • catabolism and anabolism
  • goal is to grow and multiply
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2
Q

Oxidation

A
  • when there is a loss of 1 electron
  • it is often donated to an Oxygen
  • most commonly shown when a molecule gains an O or loses an H
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3
Q

Reduction

A
  • when there is a gain of 1 electron

- sometimes shown by a molecule gaining an H

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4
Q

Enzyme

A
  • a biological catalyst (protein)
  • not used up in a reaction
  • lower the activation energy by holding the substrate in place
  • an increase in temperature or pH will increase the enzymes activity until it is too hot or high and the enzyme denatures completely
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5
Q

Inhibitor

A
  • substances that block an enzyme’s active site
  • don’t denature enzymes
  • competitive, allosteric, feedback
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6
Q

Competitive Inhibitor

A
  • binds to the substrate binding site instead of the substrate
  • can be knocked out if the substrate level is increased
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7
Q

Allosteric Inhibitor

A
  • binds to a different spot on the enzyme and distorts the active site so the substrate cannot bind
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8
Q

Allosteric Activation

A
  • binds to a different spot on the enzyme and changes the active site so that the substrate CAN bind it
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9
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A
  • the end product blocks the pathway somewhere earlier

- when the end product concentration is too low, the pathway begins again

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10
Q

Glucose Catabolism

A
  • cellular respiration
  • fermentation
  • glycolysis
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11
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • occurs in cytoplasm of most cells
  • splitting of 6carbon glucose into two 3carbon sugars
  • catabolism
  • gain pyruvic acid, NADH, ATP
  • not much energy is gained
  • sends pyruvic acid on to fermentation or cellular respiration
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12
Q

Cellular Respiration

A
  • oxidizes pyruvic acid from glycolysis for energy
  • uses three steps = synthesis of acteyl CoA, Krebs cycle, ETC
  • catabolism
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13
Q

Acetyl-CoA Formation

A
  • first step in cellular respiration
  • pyruvic acid from gylcolysis is turned into = 2 acetyl-CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH
  • all products go into Krebs cycle
  • catabolism
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14
Q

Krebs Cycle

A
  • second step in cellular respiration
  • occurs in cytosol of Prokaryotes
  • occurs in mitochondria of Eukaryotes
  • acetyl CoA from synthesis starts process
  • products = 2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 2 NADH, 4 CO2 (reduced molecules)
  • only small amount of energy gained
  • next step is ETC
  • catabolism
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15
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A
  • third step in cellular respiration
  • located in cytomplasic membrane of Prokaryotes
  • located in cristae of Eukaryotes
  • most ATP made in these redox reactions
  • series of carrier molecules that pass electrons from one to another to the final electron acceptor, Oxygen
  • most of the energy comes from oxidating reduced molecules
  • if no Oxygen, anaerobic molecules use sulfate or nitrate
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16
Q

Fermentation

A
  • “plan B” for facultative anaerobes
  • just oxidize again
  • provide cells with alternative sources of NAD
  • catabolism
17
Q

Anabolic Pathways

A
  • synthesis reactions requiring energy from the ATP of catabolic reactions
  • normally the reverse of catabolic pathways
  • Gluconeogenesis = backwards Glycolysis
18
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A
  • backwards Glycolysis
19
Q

Growth Requirements for Microbes

A
  • Carbon
  • energy
  • electrons
20
Q

Apoenzyme

A
  • protein part of an enzyme
21
Q

Cofactor

A
  • inorganic ions needed with an apoenzyme to form a cohesive working enzyme
  • ex. metals
22
Q

Coenzyme

A
  • organic molecules needed with an apoenzyme to form a cohesive working enzyme
  • ex. vitamins
23
Q

Holozyme

A
  • all the pieces of enzymes together as a whole
24
Q

Photoautotroph

A
  • plants, algae
  • carbon source is CO2
  • energy source is light
25
Q

Chemoautotroph

A
  • sulfur
  • carbon source is CO2
  • energy source is chemical compounds
26
Q

Photoheterotroph

A
  • nonsulfur bacteria
  • carbon source is organic compounds
  • energy source is light
27
Q

Chemoheterotroph

A
  • animals, pathogens
  • carbon source is organic compounds
  • energy source is chemical compounds
28
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A
  • cannot live without oxygen

- need Oxygen as final electron acceptor in ETC

29
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A
  • cannot live WITH oxygen

- cannot break down oxygen from toxic forms

30
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A
  • grow best in Oxygen, but can grow without it
31
Q

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

A
  • don’t use Oxygen and don’t care whether it is there or not

- tolerate Oxygen by having enzymes to break it down from toxic

32
Q

Breakdown of high energy Oxygen

A
  • superoxide radicals (O2 with extra electron) are broken down into Peroxide Anions
  • Peroxide Anions are broken down into Peroxidase
33
Q

Nitrogen

A
  • needed for Anabolism
  • all cells recycle nitrogen from amino acids and nucleotides
  • 80% of the air is Nitrogen
  • can use Nitrogen in the air through Nitrogen Fixation
34
Q

Optimal Temperature Growth

A
  • affects the 3dimensional structure of proteins
  • lipid containing membranes are temperature sensitive
  • too low temp = rigid and fragile membrane
  • too high temp = too fluid membrane
35
Q

Biofilm

A
  • complex relationship among multiple microorganisms
  • form from quorom sensing
  • become harder to kill and more harmful
36
Q

Generation Time

A
  • time required for a bacterial cell to grow and divide
37
Q

Binary Fission

A
  • when a cell grows twice its normal size and divides in half to produce two daughter cells of equal size
38
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A
  • reduces nitrogen to ammonia
  • used by bacteria
  • provides nitrogen for other species
39
Q

Microbial Growth Curve

A
  • lag phase = no reproduction while the cell gets used to its environment
  • log phase = HUGE population increase
  • stationary phase = population remains constant, dying cells equal new cells
  • death phase = when wastes aren’t removed and no nutrients are added, death exceeds new cells

Microbiology (5 decks)

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