Chapter 1 - History Flashcards
0
Q
Robert Hooke
A
- coined the term cell around 1665
1
Q
Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
A
- tailor and lens grinder
- made many microscopes, over 400
- not first microscope, but BEST
- named them “beasties” or “animalcules” which turned into 6 categories of microorganisms
- discovered protists in 1674, bacteria in 1676
2
Q
Carolus Linneaus (Carl Von Linne)
A
- Swedish botanist who developed the taxonomic system that is still used today
3
Q
Categories of Microorganisms
A
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Fungi
- Protozoa
- Algae
- Small multicellular animals
4
Q
Bacteria / Archaea Classification
A
- prokaryotic (no nucleus)
- asexual
- peptidoglycan cell walls
- much smaller than eukaryotic cells
- live in clusters or chains
- moisture loving
- lack all membrane bound organelles
5
Q
Fungi Classification
A
- eukaryotic (contain a nucleus)
- obtain food from other sources, not self
- have cell walls
- mostly molds and yeasts
6
Q
Molds
A
- multicellular
- grow as long filaments with ball-like protrusions at the ends
- reproduce sexually or asexually
7
Q
Yeasts
A
- unicellular
- normally rounded or oval shaped
- reproduce asexually through budding
8
Q
Protozoa Classification
A
- single celled eukaryotes
- most are capable of locomotion through pseudopods, flagella, cilia
- live mostly in water
- asexual
9
Q
Pseudopod
A
- Eukaryotes
- extension of a cell that flow in the direction of travel
10
Q
Cilia
A
- many small protrusions that rapidly beat to propel the body forward
11
Q
Flagella
A
- few, long protrusions that whip back and forth
- tail like
12
Q
Helminths
A
- parasitic worms
- begin small but can become much larger
13
Q
Viruses
A
- the only microorganisms that Leeuwenhoek could not see
- acellular (not made of cells)
14
Q
Abiogenesis
A
- spontaneous generation from nonliving organisms
- first proposed by Aristotle
15
Q
Redi
A
- parasitologist
- identified over 180 parasites
- experiment about meat
- when decaying meat is isolated then no maggots arise
- when flies could get to the decaying meat, maggots arise
16
Q
Needham
A
- experimented with hay and gravy to see if microbes arose from abiogenesis
- Boiled hay, sealed it in a tube, microbes STILL sprung to life
- concluded abiogenesis MUST exist
17
Q
Spallazani
A
- redid boiling experiments because he did not believe Needham’s
- boiled items for over an hour each, then sealed them, no microbes grew until the seal was broken again
- he proved microbes live in the air
- critics did not believe him, thought he “boiled the life force out of them”
18
Q
Louis Pasteur
A
- experimented by boiling items long enough to kill everything, but did not seal bottles/used swan neck flasks instead
- no sign of life after over 18 months
- PROVED FOR ONCE AND ALL abiogenesis does not exist
- pasteurization = heat liquid just enough to kill bacteria
- began the field of biotechnology
19
Q
Scientific Method
A
- observation leads to questions
- questions lead to a general hypothesis
- hypothesis is tested through an experiment
- the experiment either proves (law/theory) or disproves (reject/modify)
- control groups are necessary
20
Q
Yeast Experiment
A
- Louis Pasteur
- proved that yeast cells only arise from other yeast cells
- sealed some jars of grape juice and yeast while he left others open, both grew yeast so it is a facultative anaerobe
- added bacteria to grape juice = acid
- added yeast to grape juice = alcohol
- led to pasteurization, or heating a liquid to kill bacteria
21
Q
Buchner
A
- used crushed up pieces of yeast to ferment grape juice
- proved that fermentation does not require living cells, but can work through use of enzymes (crushed up pieces)
- began the field of biochemistry
22
Q
Germ Theory of Disease
A
- some organism is causing a disease, if we can kill that organism then we can beat the disease
- developed by Pasteur
- now we know this only applies to infectious disease
23
Q
Robert Koch
A
- etiology
- studied the causative agents of disease, beginning with Anthrax in cows
- in all the animals blood he found the same looking bacteria
- he designed the majority of what we do in lab (simple staining, petri dishes, colonizing bacteria, etc)
24
Q
Koch’s Postulates
A
- the series of steps to be taken to prove the cause of any infectious disease
1. the causative agent must be found on all diseased animals and no healthy animals
2. the agent must be specified and grown in a pure culture
3. when the agent is injected into a healthy host, the same disease appears
4. the same strain of agent is found in the newly diseased animal
25
Q
Gram’s Stains
A
- developed a procedure that applies a series of stains/dyes
Gram+ = purple
Gram- = pink
26
Q
Semmelweis
A
- handwashing
- noticed increase in deaths after doctors had visited cadaver lab
- believed it was “death” on their hands and made them wash with lime juice to get rid of stench
- dropped the mortality rate ALOT
- doctors did not like his idea of their dirtiness, did not listen to him and he was fired soon after
27
Q
Joseph Lister
A
- started the use of antiseptics
- would spray patient’s wounds with phenol, which significantly reduced decay and deaths by 2/3
28
Q
Nightingale
A
- introduced cleanliness and antiseptic technique
- most men who died in war did so from infections, not battle
- she documented unsanitary conditions and showed cleanliness was needed
- founded first actual taught nursing school
29
Q
John Snow
A
- epidemiology (disease flow)
- suspected cholera was spread through water
- mapped every incidence of cholera in London and showed it centered around a water supply
30
Q
Epidemiology
A
study of occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans
31
Q
Edward Jenner
A
- began field of immunology
- tested theory of vaccination on a boy by infecting him with cowpox then infecting him with smallpox to see if he survived, he did
- proved that vaccination stimulates the long lasting response by the body’s own immune system
32
Q
Paul Erlich
A
- began chemotherapy
- first to use chemical intervention to treat a disease
