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Microbiology > Chapter 3 - Cell Structure/Function > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cell Structure/Function Flashcards

0
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • nuclear envelope surrounds DNA, creating nucleus
  • membrane bound organelles
  • algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, plants
  • larger and more complex
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1
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • Archaea and Bacteria
  • no nucleus
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • much smaller and more simple
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2
Q

Prokaryotic Glycocayces

A
  • a gelatinous, sticky substance that surrounds the outside of the cell
  • produced inside the cell
  • made of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both
  • helps cell to communicate with outside world by attachment or hiding from host cells
  • keeps cells from dessication
  • 2 types: capsule or slime layer
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3
Q

Capsule Glycocalyx

A
  • much more organized

- firmly attached to cells surface

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4
Q

Slime Layer Glycocalyx

A
  • loosely attached, water soluble sticky layer
  • attach to surfaces
  • slobbery and gooey looking
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5
Q

Prokaryotic Flagella

A
  • long structures that extend beyond the cell’s surface
  • responsible for movement
  • not present on all bacteria
  • composed of basal body, hook, and filaments (long tubes)
  • can only rotate clockwise and counterclockwise
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6
Q

Peritrichous Flagella

A
  • all over the cell
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7
Q

Monotrichous Flagella

A
  • one flagella from one pole of the cell
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8
Q

Lophotrichous Flagella

A
  • many flagella from one pole of the cell
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9
Q

Amphitrichous Flagella

A
  • flagella coming from both poles of the cell
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10
Q

Endoflagella

A
  • between the inner and outer membrane
  • forms axial filaments
  • wrap all around bacterial cell and corkscrew
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11
Q

Fimbriae

A
  • rod like protein extensions
  • sticky, bristle like projections that adhere to one another and substances too
  • shorter than flagella
  • can be hundreds per cell
  • biofilms
  • special type is Pili
  • only in Prokaryotes
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12
Q

Pili

A
  • special type of fimbriae
  • used mostly in conjunction (transfer DNA from one cell to another)
  • longer than general fimbriae, shorter than flagella
  • only 1 to 2 per cell
  • only in Prokaryotes
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13
Q

Coccus

A
  • bacterial cell shape
  • spherical
  • non motile
  • diplococcus = two
  • streptococcus = long row
  • tetrad = 2x2
  • staphylococcus = large bunch
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14
Q

Baccilus

A
  • bacterial cell shape
  • elongated
  • often motile
  • diplobacilli = two
  • streptobacilli - long chain/row
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15
Q

Coccobaccillus

A
  • bacterial cell shapes

- between spherical and long

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16
Q

Vibrio

A
  • bacterial cell shape
  • arched
  • motile
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17
Q

Sprillum

A
  • bacterial cell shape
  • loop de loop
  • motile
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18
Q

Spirochete

A
  • bacterial cell shape
  • squiggly
  • motile
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19
Q

Bacterial Cell Wall

A
  • peptidoglycan
  • chains of NAG and NAM cross linked with peptides
  • some bacteria lack a cell wall completely
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20
Q

Gram Positive Cell Wall

A
  • thick layer of peptidoglycan and only 1 membrane
  • appear purple in staining
  • teichoic acids anchor the cell wall to the cell
  • some have mycolic acid and need an acid fast stain
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21
Q

Gram Negative Cell Wall

A
  • thin layer of peptidoglycan
  • 2 membranes total
  • outer layer contains LPS, which is toxic when the cell dies
  • stains Pink
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22
Q

Diffusion

A
  • passive
  • net movement of a chemical down it’s concentration gradient
  • high to low
23
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A
  • passive

- integral proteins act as a channels to allow molecules to diffuse down their concentration gradient

24
Q

Osmosis

A
  • passive

- diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane to lower H2O concentration

25
Q

Isotonic Solution

A
  • same concentration of solutes on either side of a semipermeable membrane
26
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A
  • the side that has a higher concentration level of solute
27
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A
  • the lower concentration side of a membrane
28
Q

Active Transport

A
  • active process
  • utilizes transmembrane permease proteins to move molecules across membrane
  • Uniports are when only one membrane is transported at a time
  • Antiports simultaneously transport two different chemicals in opposite directions at a time
  • always against electrochemical gradient
29
Q

Group Translocation

A
  • active process
  • only occurs in some bacteria
  • the substance being transported is chemically changed during the transportation
30
Q

Lipopolysaccaride (LPS)

A
  • present in the outer membrane of a gram - bacteria
  • inside Lipid A
  • endotoxin
  • can trigger fever, inflammation, vasodilation, shock
  • only toxic when the cell dies and lyses, sending LPS out into it’s environment
31
Q

Bacterial Cytoplasm

A
  • semitransparent fluid inside the cell
  • cytosol
  • inclusions
  • endospores
32
Q

Cytosol

A
  • liquid portion of the cytoplasm
  • gelatinous
  • mostly water
  • contains DNA in the nucleoid
33
Q

Nucleoid

A
  • genome of prokaryotes is a closed circular loop located inside the nucleoid
  • there is no membrane surrounding it
  • only in prokaryotes
34
Q

Endospore

A
  • produced by some bacteria
  • defensive against inhospitable environments
  • when nutrients are limited, normal bacterial vegetative cells will transform into these
35
Q

Nonmembranous Organelles in Bacteria

A
  • Ribosomes

- Cytoskeleton

36
Q

Prokaryotic Ribosomes

A
  • site of protein synthesis
  • composed of 2 subunits, 30s and 50s
  • total size is 70s
  • made of polypeptides and ribosomal RNA
37
Q

Prokaryotic Cytoskeleton

A
  • composed of 3 to 4 types of protein fibers

- can move, help with cell shape, help cells divide, etc

38
Q

Eukaryotic Glycocalyes

A
  • anchored into cytoplasm via covalent bonds
  • not as organized as prokaryotes
  • not all eukaryotes have them
  • normally made of carbohydrate
  • help anchor cells to one another and strengthen the cell surface
39
Q

Eukaryotic Cell Wall

A
  • seen in plants, fungi, and algae

- made of different polysaccharides

40
Q

Eukaryotic Cytoplasmic Membrane

A
  • all cells have these (prok. and euk.)
  • contain steroid lipids to help maintain fluidity (not in prok.)
  • control the movement into and out of the cell
  • can perform exocytosis and endocytosis (not in prok.)
41
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • cell membrane surrounding substance to bring it into the cell
  • pinocytosis = import of liquids
  • phagocytosis = import of solids
42
Q

Eukaryotic Flagella

A
  • completely surrounded by cytoplasmic membrane
  • composed of a shaft of tubulin arranged to form microtubules (instead of prok. singular strand)
  • filaments are anchored to the cell by the basal body (no hook)
  • each one undulates rhythmically like a jump rope (prok. rotate)
43
Q

Cilia

A
  • only in Eukaryotes
  • shorter than flagella and more numerous
  • coordinated beating to propel forward
  • same internal structure as a eukaryotic flagella
44
Q

Eukaryotic Ribosomes

A
  • larger than prokaryotic

- 60s + 40s = 80s

45
Q

Eukarytoic Cytoskeleton

A
  • much more complex

- somewhat of a network to move organelles around inside the cell

46
Q

Centrioles/Centrosome

A
  • chopped up flagella basal bodies

- play some role in mitosis

47
Q

Nucleus

A
  • has a double membrane that encases DNA called nuclear envelope
  • largest organelle
  • nucleolus and nucleoplasm inside
  • contains most of the cell’s DNA
  • nucleoplasm is the semiliquid portion that contains chromatin (compressed DNA)
48
Q

Nucleoli

A
  • inside the nucleoplasm inside the nucleus

- where RNA is synthesized

49
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • flat hollow tubules on the outside of the nuclear envelope
  • transport system
  • SER = where lipids are made
  • RER = ribosomes are attached and make proteins
50
Q

Golgi Body

A
  • recieves, processes, and packages large molecules from the ER for export
51
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • store and transfer chemicals within cells

- contain catabolic enzymes

52
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • store and transfer chemicals within the cells

- contain enzymes that degrade poisonous wastes

53
Q

Phagocytosis Process

A
  1. bacteria is recognized and brought into the cell with pseudopods through endocytosis
  2. a lysosome from the golgi body fuses with the bacteria in the phagosome vesicle
  3. the phagolysosome breaks down the bacteria
  4. the bacteria is completely digested
  5. the vesicle fuses with the membrane and dumps the debris into the environment by exocytosis
54
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • powerhouse
  • produces most of the cell’s ATP
  • two membranes
  • inner membrane is invaginated and a matrix
  • inner membrane contains 70s ribosomes (prok.) and circular DNA
  • where most of the steps of respiration occur after glycolysis
  • same as chloroplasts in plants
55
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A
  • theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free living bacteria
  • eukaryotes originated when a large prokaryote ingested a mitochondria and they became useful to the larger cell
  • reasons: 70s prokaryotic ribosomes and circular DNA

Microbiology (5 decks)

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