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Microbiology > Chapter 2 - Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Chemistry Flashcards

0
Q

Ion

A
  • formed by gaining or losing electrons
  • anion is a negative ion that has gained one or more electrons
  • cation is a positive ion that has lost one or more electrons
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1
Q

Basic Atomic Structure

A
  • nucleus contains protons(+) and neutrons(no charge)
  • nucleus is surrounded by electrons(-) and shells
  • outermost electrons are involved in chemical reactions
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2
Q

Anion

A
  • when one or more electrons are gained

- charge becomes negative (-)

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3
Q

Cation

A
  • when one or more electrons are lost
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4
Q

Covalent Bond

A
  • sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms
  • very strong bond
  • chemical bond
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5
Q

Electronegativity

A
  • attraction of an atom for electrons

- the more electronegative an atom, the greater the pull it’s nucleus exerts on electrons

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6
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

A
  • when electrons are shared equally between two atoms
  • hydrophobic
  • happens when atoms have similar electronegativities
  • no poles exist
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7
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A
  • when there is an unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms
  • partial + and partial - charge within the molecule
  • can be slightly weaker than normal covalent bonds
  • most important are Hydrogen + another atom bonding
  • very “sticky”
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8
Q

Ionic Bonds

A
  • formed from the electrostatic attraction of cations and anions ( + and - attract each other)
  • no electron is shared
  • salts
  • not as strong as covalent bonds
  • can be broken by polar solvents (water)
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9
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A
  • polar covalent bonds
  • made between a hydrogen and a partial negative center
  • generally with O or N
  • much weaker than covalent bonds
  • hold rungs of DNA ladder together, so they need to be weak enough to be broken apart for replication
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10
Q

pH

A
  • measure of hydrogen potential of a substance
  • water is neutral, so the neutral pH is 7
  • less than 7 = acidic because there is more H+
  • more than 7 = alkaline/basic because there is less H+
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11
Q

Synthesis Reaction

A
  • formation of larger, more complex molecules
  • endothermic (heat requiring) and endergonic (energy requiring)
  • anabolic (building up)
  • common type is dehydration synthesis
  • all synthesis reactions in the body together called anabolism
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12
Q

Metabolism

A

all reactions in the body

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13
Q

Anabolism

A
  • building up reactions

reactant + reactant = product

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14
Q

Catabolism

A
  • breaking reactions

reactant = product + product

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15
Q

Decomposition Reaction

A
  • break bonds with larger molecules to form smaller ones
  • reactant = product + product
  • exothermic (heat releasing) and exergonic ( energy producing)
  • catabolic (breaking down)
  • ex. hydrolysis
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16
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A
  • synthesis reaction / anabolic
  • opposite of hydrolysis

H-smallmolecule - smallmolecule-OH —> LARGEmolecule-OH + H20
^energy

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17
Q

Hydrolysis

A
  • decomposition reaction / catabolism
  • opposite of dehydration synthesis

HLARGEmoleculeOH + H20 —> HsmlmoleculeOH - HsmlmoleculeOH
!energy leaves

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18
Q

Lipid

A
  • hydrophobic

- fats, phospholipids, waxes, steroids

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19
Q

Phospholipid

A
  • lipid bilayer
  • 2 hydrophobic tails composed of fatty acids
  • one fatty acid tail is unsaturated
  • one fatty acid tail is saturated
  • 1 hydrophillic head
  • create cell membranes
20
Q

Waxes

A
  • lipids
  • contain one long chain of fatty acid covalently linked to a long chain alcohol
  • no hydrophillic head
  • insoluble in water
21
Q

Electron

A
  • negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus
  • the number of electrons normally equals the number of protons
22
Q

Proton

A
  • positively charged particles located within the nucleus

- number of protons normally equals the number of electrons

23
Q

Neutron

A
  • uncharged particles located in the nucleus of an atom

- very small

24
Q

Atomic Number

A
  • the number of protons in each atom’s nuclei
25
Q

Atomic Mass/Weight

A
  • the sum of masses of an atom’s protons, neutrons, and electrons
  • electrons weigh almost nothing, so they are generally not counted
26
Q

Isotope

A
  • atoms that are from the same element and have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons
27
Q

Endothermic

A
  • when a reaction requires energy
28
Q

Exothermic

A
  • when a reaction releases energy
29
Q

Unsaturated Fat

A
  • lipid
  • composed of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol
  • multiple double bonds in the molecule, making it kinked
  • less likely to stack nicely
  • liquid at room temperature
  • cannot freeze, keeps membranes slightly fluid
30
Q

Saturated Fat

A
  • lipid
  • composed of 3 fatty acids and glycerol
  • no double bonds in the molecule
  • stack nicely together
  • easily form into a solid
31
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • steroid/wax

- inserted into the membrane to keep it more or less rigi

32
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
  • many different functions
  • ex. Starch, used for long term storage of chemical energy
33
Q

Protein

A
  • perform functions of the body
  • 50% of cell membrane consist of proteins
  • made of amino acids
  • covalent peptide bond is formed between amino acids
34
Q

Amino Acid

A
  • building blocks that make up proteins
  • amine group + carboxyl group = amino acid
  • side group R makes the amino acid unique
  • covalent peptide bond is formed between amino acids
  • polar = OH group
  • nonpolar/hyrophobic = CH group
35
Q

Protein Structure

A
  1. Primary - just one chain
  2. Secondary - how the single chain folds (sheets, helix)
  3. Tertiary - the whole structure including chain folds
  4. Quaternary - interactions between multiple tertiarys
36
Q

Nucleic Acid

A
  • the information molecules or blueprints
  • DNA(info storage) and RNA(info usage)
  • made of nucleotides and nucleosides
37
Q

Nucleotides

A
  • monomers that help make up nucleic acids

- composed of phosphate, pentose sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), and 1/5 nitrogenous bases

38
Q

Nucleosides

A
  • nucleotides that are lacking a phosphate group

- only made up of 1/5 nitrogenous bases and a pentose sugar

39
Q

DNA

A
  • info storage
  • complimentary and antiparallel double strands
  • H coming from 2 prime Carbon
  • phosphates and sugars are bonded by Hydrogen bonds
40
Q

RNA

A
  • energy usage
  • unstable and temporary molecule
  • OH coming from 2 prime Carbon
41
Q

Nitrogenous Bases

A
  • 5 total
  • DNA has 4 - A, T, C, G
  • ## RNA has 4 - A, U, C, G
42
Q

Triglyceride

A
  • either saturated or unsaturated
  • contain 3 fatty acids and a glycerol
  • store energy
43
Q

Steroid

A
  • Lipid
  • consists of 4 rings fused together with side chains
  • ex. cholesterol
  • cholesterol is embedded into membrane to keep it fluid and firm at the same time
44
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A
  • must be consumed by the body, not produced inside of it
45
Q

Proline

A
  • amino acid with a LARGE kink from bonding two different carbons to it’s R group
  • when present, the structure is switching to another structure
46
Q

Ribose ring

A
  • OH bond to 2prime Carbon
47
Q

Deoxyribose ring

A
  • H bond to 2prime Carbon

Microbiology (5 decks)

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