chapter 5 - 6 Flashcards
What are the 3 common types of measures?
Self-report ; observational (or behavioural) ; physiological
Give a brief explanation and example of a self-report measure.
This measure record people’s answers to questions about themselves. Example : in a questionnaire or interview like survey monkey.
Give a brief explanation and example of an observational measure.
Operationalize a variable by recording observable behaviours. Example : Ainsworth’s strange situation.
Give a brief explanation and example of an observational measure.
Operationalize a variable by recording biological data (i.e : heartrate, brain activity, etc.) Example : examining a person’s reaction to different sounds by looking at brain response.
What are the 2 big scales of measurement?
Categorical variables ; quantitative variables.
What are the types of quantitative variables and give an example for each?
Ordinal scale (spotify ranked) ; interval scale (temperature, IQ score) ; ratio scale (height, exam scores)
True or false : there is a true 0 in the interval scale
False, there is only a true 0 in the ratio scale.
What are the types of reliability?
Test-retest ; interrater ; internal.
Give an example of each type of reliability.
test retest : personality test to ensure that the results don’t change (p.ex : myers-briggs)
Interrater : evaluating the anger levels in a Taylor Swift MV.
Internal : when asked the same question in various ways, the participant gives the same response.
True or false : if the correlation coefficient (r) is strong in an interrater reliability, it will be .05 or above.
False : that is the strong and positive (r) for test-retest, for interrater, it has to be .70 or above.
What is the difference between face validity and content validity?
Face validity : it looks like what you want to measure
Content validity : the measure contains all the parts that your theory says it should contain
What does criterion validity measure?
It examines whether a measure correlates with key behaviour outcome.
What is the difference between convergent and discriminant validity?
Convergent is an empirical test of the extend to which a self-report measure correlates with other measures of a theoretically similar construct.
Discriminant is an empirical test of the extent to which a self-report measure does not correlate strongly with measures of theoretically dissimilar constructs.
True or false : a measure can be less reliable than it is valid.
False
What do correlations do?
They capture the strength and direction of an association between 2 variables.
True or false : a bigger effect size indicates more similarity between groups.
False
What are the 4 different question formats?
Likert scale ; open-ended questions ; semantic differential format ; forced-choice format
What should researchers avoid when trying to write well-worded questions?
Double-barreled question ; negatively worded question ; question order
What is the difference between observer bias and observer effects?
Observer bias : when observers see what they expect to see “because it fits the hypothesis”
Observer effects : when participants confirm observer expectations (bright vs. dull rats)
How can we prevent observer bias and observer effects?
We can use masked design where the observer and the participant don’t know what they’re receiving (p.ex : grey’s anatomy’s alzheimer’s trial)
