chapter 5 - 6

Question 1

What are the 3 common types of measures?

Answer 1

Self-report ; observational (or behavioural) ; physiological

Question 2

Give a brief explanation and example of a self-report measure.

Answer 2

This measure record people’s answers to questions about themselves. Example : in a questionnaire or interview like survey monkey.

Question 3

Give a brief explanation and example of an observational measure.

Answer 3

Operationalize a variable by recording observable behaviours. Example : Ainsworth’s strange situation.

Question 4

Give a brief explanation and example of an observational measure.

Answer 4

Operationalize a variable by recording biological data (i.e : heartrate, brain activity, etc.) Example : examining a person’s reaction to different sounds by looking at brain response.

Question 5

What are the 2 big scales of measurement?

Answer 5

Categorical variables ; quantitative variables.

Question 6

What are the types of quantitative variables and give an example for each?

Answer 6

Ordinal scale (spotify ranked) ; interval scale (temperature, IQ score) ; ratio scale (height, exam scores)

Question 7

True or false : there is a true 0 in the interval scale

Answer 7

False, there is only a true 0 in the ratio scale.

Question 8

What are the types of reliability?

Answer 8

Test-retest ; interrater ; internal.

Question 9

Give an example of each type of reliability.

Answer 9

test retest : personality test to ensure that the results don’t change (p.ex : myers-briggs)
Interrater : evaluating the anger levels in a Taylor Swift MV.
Internal : when asked the same question in various ways, the participant gives the same response.

Question 10

True or false : if the correlation coefficient (r) is strong in an interrater reliability, it will be .05 or above.

Answer 10

False : that is the strong and positive (r) for test-retest, for interrater, it has to be .70 or above.

Question 11

What is the difference between face validity and content validity?

Answer 11

Face validity : it looks like what you want to measure
Content validity : the measure contains all the parts that your theory says it should contain

Question 12

What does criterion validity measure?

Answer 12

It examines whether a measure correlates with key behaviour outcome.

Question 13

What is the difference between convergent and discriminant validity?

Answer 13

Convergent is an empirical test of the extend to which a self-report measure correlates with other measures of a theoretically similar construct.
Discriminant is an empirical test of the extent to which a self-report measure does not correlate strongly with measures of theoretically dissimilar constructs.

Question 14

True or false : a measure can be less reliable than it is valid.

Answer 14

False

Question 15

What do correlations do?

Answer 15

They capture the strength and direction of an association between 2 variables.

Question 16

True or false : a bigger effect size indicates more similarity between groups.

Answer 16

False

Question 17

What are the 4 different question formats?

Answer 17

Likert scale ; open-ended questions ; semantic differential format ; forced-choice format

Question 18

What should researchers avoid when trying to write well-worded questions?

Answer 18

Double-barreled question ; negatively worded question ; question order

Question 19

What is the difference between observer bias and observer effects?

Answer 19

Observer bias : when observers see what they expect to see “because it fits the hypothesis”
Observer effects : when participants confirm observer expectations (bright vs. dull rats)

Question 20

How can we prevent observer bias and observer effects?

Answer 20

We can use masked design where the observer and the participant don’t know what they’re receiving (p.ex : grey’s anatomy’s alzheimer’s trial)