chapter 1 -2

Question 1

What is the most common of the four worldviews?

Answer 1

Postpositivism

Question 2

True or false : Studies don’t prove theories

Answer 2

True

Question 3

True or false : good theories are falsifiable

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Explain the difference between research and experience.

Answer 4

Experience has no comparison group and may be confounded ; research is probabilistic, allows for comparison groups and is better than experience.

Question 5

Give an example of a confounded experience.

Answer 5

A confounded experience is due to spurious relationships (when something is better explained by something else). An example of this is that high ice cream sales are initiating more shark attacks ; in reality the high temperature is influencing both.

Question 6

What can we do to control confounds?

Answer 6

Control as many variables as possible (in the physical sense) and statistically control the variable.

Question 7

Bushman’s study on catharsism shows evidence of what element in an experience?

Answer 7

Potential confounds.

Question 8

True or false : behavioural research can explain all of the possible cases.

Answer 8

False ; behavioural research is probabilistic.

Question 9

In what ways can intuition be biased?

Answer 9

We can be (1) swayed by a good story, (2) persuaded by what easily comes to mind, (3) fail to think about what we can’t see, (4) focus on the evidence we like best, (5) be biased about being biased.

Question 10

Give some examples of scientific sources.

Answer 10

Journal articles, chapters in edited books, full-length books.

Question 11

What are the components of an empirical journal article?

Answer 11

Abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion, references.

Question 12

What are some questions we can ask ourselves when reading scientific articles?

Answer 12

What is the argument? What is the evidence to support the argument?

Question 13

True or false : science in the popular media may be disinformation.

Answer 13

True