chapter 3 - 4

Question 1

What is the difference between a measured variable and a manipulated variable?

Answer 1

A measured variable is observed and recorded, while a manipulated variable is controlled.

Question 2

True or false : some measures can only be measured - not manipulated.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

How do researchers describe variables?

Answer 3

(1) Construct, conceptual variable (the name of the concept being studied), (2) conceptual definition (theoretical definition of the construct), (3) operational definition (how the construct is measured or manipulated in an actual study).

Question 4

How can you operationalize “expressing gratitude to a romantic partner”?

Answer 4

give out a survey asking how often people express gratitude on a scale ; create a study with 2 groups.

Question 5

How can you operationalize unsafe driving behaviour?

Answer 5

take a driving test, check traffic tickets and camera, questionnaire, driving simulator.

Question 6

What are the 3 big claims?

Answer 6

Frequency claim, association claim, causal claim.

Question 7

Give a brief explanation and example of a frequency claim.

Answer 7

This claim describes a particular level or degree of a single measured variable. It is descriptive in nature. Example : Canadian census data.

Question 8

Give a brief explanation and example of an association claim.

Answer 8

This claim argues that one level of a variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of another variable. Supported by studies that have at least 2 measured variables. Example : amount of coffee consumption and degree of depression.

Question 9

Give a brief explanation and example of a causal claim.

Answer 9

This claim argues that one variable changes in the level of another variable. Supported by experiments. Example : eating dinner with family may curb eating disorders.

Question 10

Which is NOT a causal claim verb?
a : reduces
b : sometimes makes
c : prefers
d : promotes

Answer 10

c : prefers

Question 11

When is causal language justified?

Answer 11

When the causal variable came first and the outcome variable came later – there needs to be temporal precedence.

Question 12

What are the 4 big validities?

Answer 12

Construct validity, statistical validity, internal validity and external validity.

Question 13

Which validity is not measured in a frequency claim?

Answer 13

Internal validity, since it has to do with an experiment with 2 variables, but a frequency claim only concerns 1 variable.

Question 14

What are the core TCPS2 main principles?

Answer 14

Principle of respect for persons, concern for welfare and principle of justice.

Question 15

What are the APA ethical principles (Belmont report)?

Answer 15

Beneficence and nonmaleficence ; fidelity and responsibility ; integrity ; justice ; respect for people’s rights and dignity

Question 16

What are the ethical standards of research?

Answer 16

Informed consent ; deception ; debriefing ; research misconduct.

Question 17

True or false : it is unimportant for a researcher to disseminate their research, regardless of results.

Answer 17

False

Question 18

What does an APA format paper look like?

Answer 18

Title page ; abstract ; introduction ; method ; results ; discussion ; bibliography

Question 19

True or false : if a source is in the reference list, it must be cited in the paper and vice versa.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

True or false : direct quotes are more often used, and the better option, than paraphrasing.

Answer 20

False