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Biological Anthropology (Intro to Human Evolution) > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Comparative Primatology

A

the study of our closest living relatives, the primates, for the purpose of understanding aspects of our own behavior

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2
Q

Strepsirrhini

A

Primate suborder that includes the Lemurs, Lorises, and Galapagos (the prosimians)

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3
Q

Haplorrhini

A

Primate suborder that includes the Tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans

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4
Q

Ceboidea

A

Primate superfamily that includes all monkeys found in the Americas

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5
Q

Cercopithecoidea

A

Primate superfamily that includes all monkeys found in Africa and Asia

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6
Q

Anthropoids

A

all monkeys, apes, and humans

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7
Q

Hominoid

A

Member of the super-family Hominoidea

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8
Q

Hominin

A

the division in Hominoidea that includes humans and our recent ancestors

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9
Q

Behavorial Ecology

A

The study of behavior from ecological and evolutionary perspectives

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10
Q

Foraging

A

the act of seeking and processing food

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11
Q

Five Areas of Socioecological Pressure

A

Foraging/Nutrition, Predation, Intraspecific competition, Interspecific competition, Habitat locomotion

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12
Q

Strategy

A

Set of behavior patterns that has become prominent in a population as a result of natural selection

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13
Q

Kin Selection

A

Behavorial favoring of one’s close genetic relatives

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14
Q

Altruism

A

Selflessness in one’s behavior

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15
Q

Potential

A

The spectrum of possible expression created by morphology, evolutionary history, and other aspects of a genotype

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16
Q

Performance

A

the actual expression of a trait or behavior; the actual influence on a phenotype a trait has

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17
Q

Phylogenetic Contraints

A

limits on current behavior or traits due to patterns and trends in an organism’s evolutionary past

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18
Q

Infant Dependency Period

A

Period during which the infant is wholly reliant on others for nutrition, movement, thermoregulation, and protection

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19
Q

Spandrels

A

The by-products of structural change

20
Q

Home Range

A

Area used by a primate group or community; often overlap between individuals

21
Q

Affiliative

A

Bond enhancing or prosocial

22
Q

Agonistic

A

Aggressive or combative

23
Q

Philopatric

A

Staying in one’s natal group; the habitually to stay or return to a particular area

24
Q

Estrus

A

Behavorial and physiological sexual receptivity

25
Q

Sociosocial Behavior

A

Nonreproductive sexual behavior that serves to resolve conflicts and/or reinforce alliances and coalitions

26
Q

Primate-wide Features

A
  • Five digits on hand and feet and free mobility of limbs
  • flexible, grasping digits, with sensitive friction pads and nails rather than claws
  • Erect posture in many groups
27
Q

Two Major Groups of Haplorhines:

A

Tarsiers and Anthropoids (New World and Old Monkeys)

28
Q

Platyrrhines

A

New World monkeys with outward facing nostrils

29
Q

Catarrhines

A

Old World Monkeys and Hominoids (Apes and Humans)

30
Q

Terrestrial Primates

A

Primates that live predominantly or entirely on land

  • generally live in larger groups than arboreal species
  • face greater danger from predators
  • have large group size that provides some protection against predation
31
Q

Fruigivores

A

Fruit-eaters

  • live in larger groups than folivores (leaf-eaters)
  • large group size is an advantage in between group competition
32
Q

Diurnal Species

A

Animals active during the day

-live in larger groups than do nocturnal groups (why?)

33
Q

Dominance Hierarchies

A

Dominant individuals and their kin/allies gain:

  • preferential access to food resources
  • preferential access to mates
  • defense against predators

Somewhat reflected in sexual dimorphism

34
Q

Owl Monkeys

A
  • New World Monkeys
  • Nocturnal and form monagamous mating pairs
  • little sexual dimorphism
  • “floating” individuals that have left their birth group
35
Q

Capuchin

A
  • New World Monkeys
  • Diurnal and aboreal
  • adept tool-users
  • demonstrate altruism and an understanding of the concept of using a medium for exchange
36
Q

Macaque Species

A
  • Old World Monkeys
  • Wide geographic distribution over a diversity of habitats
  • Have cultural traditions that are learned through observation (support groups of female kin)
37
Q

Orangutans

A
  • Mostly solitary
  • highly sexual dimorphic
  • Aboreal
  • Use of tools has been documented in some groups
38
Q

Gorillas

A

Small group size, eat foods with low nutritive value=>Spend most of day eating (not very social)
-Displayed use of tools

39
Q

Fusion-fission Societies

A

Societies in which the size and composition of the social group change as time passes and animals move throughout the environment; animals merge (fusion)—e.g. sleeping in one place—or split (fission)—e.g. foraging in small groups during the day.

40
Q

Common Chimpanzees (Pan troglydytes)

A

•Multimale/multifemale communities characterized by fusion-fission social pattern
• Male dominant species w/ frequent intraspecific competition
• female dominance hierarchy is less clear but usually older females dominate younger females
-Hunting is mainly a male activity
-Tool use and passing of learned social tradidiotn within different communities

41
Q

Bonobos (Pan piniscus)

A

• bonded female coalitions dominate males and limit male access to preferred feeding sites
• high ranking females can influence their adult sons’ rank among males
• adult males tend not to form strong alliances
Tool use and passing of learned social traditions within different communities

42
Q

Mother & Grandmother Hypotheses

A

individuals who survive long after their reproductive life (from a natural selection standpoint) is b/c those individuals carry knowledge and information that can be passed on and contribute to survival

43
Q

Humans (homo sapiens)

A

Distinct in that:
• exceptionally high EQ
• exceptionally long post-reproductive life for females
• exceptional reliance on culture as niche construction
• exceptional ability in language as communication / symbol

44
Q

All Chimpanzee Species

A
  • cooperative behaviors
  • meat-eating, tool use and manufacture
  • social traditions
  • ability to use at least rudimentary symbolic communication
45
Q

Scramble Competition

A

Dispered food, difficult to monopolize

-favors small groups

46
Q

Contest Competition

A

Clumped and defendable food sources

-Favors large groups

Biological Anthropology (Intro to Human Evolution) (13 decks)

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