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Biological Anthropology (Intro to Human Evolution) > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Population

A

Cluster of individuals of the same species who share a common geographical area and find their mates more often in their own cluster than in others

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2
Q

Gene Pool

A

All the alleles within a population

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3
Q

Four Core Processes of Evolution

A

Mutation, Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, and Natural Selectoin

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4
Q

Mutation (know the various types)

A

changes ot the nucleotide sequence in the DNA

  • the ultimate source of new variation in DNA
  • Completely random
  • must examine at the level of a population (for evolutionary importance)
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5
Q

Gene Flow

A

The movement of alleles within and between populations
INCREASES variation within populations
DECREASES variation between populations

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6
Q

Migration

A

Movement of alleles in and out of populations

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7
Q

Nonrandom Mating

A

Pattern of mating in which individuals mate preferentially with certain others

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8
Q

Assortative Mating

A

Mate slection based on similarity (positive assortative) or differences (negative assortative) in traits

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9
Q

Genetic Drift

A

-Random factors cause fluctuation in allele frequencies across generations
-Reduces variation in a pop. (to fixed point)
-greatest effect in small populations
DECREASES variation within populations
INCREASES variation between populations

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10
Q

Founder Effect

A

the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population.

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11
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

A dramatic reduction in the size of a population such that the genetic diversity in the population is substantially curtailed

  • Losing genes in the gene pool due to the removal of individuals
  • makes it easier for an allele to reach fixed frequency
  • type of genetic drift
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12
Q

Exaptation

A

Trait that is currently serving a function other than that for which it orginally arose

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13
Q

Epigenetic system

A

The factors in the body that work in combination with the genes and proteins to affect phenotypes

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14
Q

Behavorial inheritance system

A

The system of imitation and learning by which behavior passes from generation to generation

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15
Q

Symbolic inheritance

A

The passing down of knowledge via symbols and language

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16
Q

Developmental Systems Theory (DST)

A

An approach that includes the development of biological and behavorial systems as a core part of evolutionary processes

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17
Q

Niche Construction Theory

A

The modification of niches by organisms and the mutual interactions between organisms and environments
-Organisms alter feature of the habitat making it better or worse=>As conditions change, natural selection operates on the phenotype=>Natural selection alters frequencies of genotypes/alleles

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18
Q

Biological Species

A

A group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups
-individuals can breed together and not with other species

19
Q

Paleospecies

A

Species defined on the basis of fossil evidence

  • Cannot observe whether or not they can breed with a certain species
  • form, time period, geographical area, habitats
20
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Mode of speciation that involves a separation and isolation of populations of the parent species
-Occurs when geographic barrier seperates parts of a population

21
Q

Phyletic Gradualism (Darwinian Evolution)

A

The slow accumulation of small changes in populations such that over time enough change has occurred to result in a speciation event

22
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

Rapid biological changes in organisms followed by long, relatively static periods during which little biological change occurs

23
Q

Homology/Parallel Evolution

A

Type of evolutionary process whereby species come to share phenotypic characteristics due to recent common ancestry

24
Q

Homoplasy/Convergent Evolution

A

Type of evolutionary process whereby species come to share phenotypic characteristics due to similiar environmental pressures
-due to independent evolution

25
Q

Fertility

A

Actual reproduction (# of offpsring produced)

26
Q

Fecundity

A

Potential for reproduction (problem w/Neandrathals)

27
Q

Population Genetics

A

Concerned with:

  • the distribution of alleles within a population
  • the variation in alleles between populations
  • the variation in alleles in populations over time
28
Q

Breeding Population

A

A group of organisms that chooses mates within thay group

29
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

A

A way to predict the number of expected genotypes in the offspring population based on the observed allele frequencies in the parental population.
-Predicts equilibrium between generations if certain assumptions are met

30
Q

Consanguinous Mating (inbreeding)

A

Mating with relatives

  • increases the frequency of homozygotes but does not change the allele frequencies
  • big effects when alleles are rare (recessive diseases)
31
Q

Sexual Selection

A

Preferences in (assortive) mating that increase the frequency of some allele combinations in the next generation

32
Q

Mutation (know the various types)

A
  • the ultimate source of new variation in DNA
  • Completely random
  • must examine at the level of a population (for evolutionary importance)
33
Q

Stabilizing Natural Selection

A

Favors variation in the middle of the distribution

34
Q

Directional Natural Selection

A

Selection that favors variation toward one of the extremes of the distribution

35
Q

Disruptive Natural Selection

A

Favors variation at both ends of the disribution

36
Q

Balanced Polymorphism

A

A situation in which two different versions of a gene are maintained in a population of organisms because individuals carrying both versions are better able to survive than those who have two copies of either version alone.

37
Q

Subspecies

A

A species with two or more divisions that have little to no gene flow between them
-takes thousands of years

38
Q

Macroevolution

A

The origin and evolution of species

39
Q

Speciation

A

The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution
-Due to reproductive isolation

40
Q

Anagenesis

A

Species evolve gradually from one species into another

41
Q

Cladogenesis

A

One or more species branch off from an original species

42
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

Periods when speciation results in several new, but closely related, species that are more or less contemporary in time
-b/c of expansion into new environments

43
Q

Mass Extinction

A

When a large number of species become extinct at more or less the same time

44
Q

Cladistics

A

Classification based soley on shared derived traits to create evolutionary trees

Biological Anthropology (Intro to Human Evolution) (13 decks)

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