Chapter 1

Question 1

Anthropology

Answer 1

The study of all aspects of the human experience

Four types: Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Cultural Anthropology, and Linguistic Anthropology

Question 2

Primates

Answer 2

The mammalian order to which humans belong

Question 3

Archaeology

Answer 3

The study of the patterns of behavior and the material record of humans who lived in the past

Question 4

Biological Anthropology

Answer 4

The study of the biological and biocultural facets of humans and their relatives

Question 5

Cultural Anthropology

Answer 5

The study of the human culture; the patterns of behavior we exhibit in our families, relationships, religions, laws, moral codes, etc.

Question 6

Ethnography

Answer 6

The focused study of a culture or aspects of a culture

Question 7

Ethnology

Answer 7

The comparative study of many cultures

Question 8

Linguistic Anthropology

Answer 8

The study of language, its structure, function, and evolution

Question 9

Paleoanthropology

Answer 9

The study of fossil humans and human relatives

Question 10

Fossil

Answer 10

Material evidence of past life on this planet

Question 11

Ecology

Answer 11

Interrelationships between living organisms and their environments

Question 12

Theory

Answer 12

A set of supported hypotheses

Question 13

Paradigm

Answer 13

Predominant ways of thinking about ideas

Question 14

The Fact of Evolution (observable, verifiable truth)

Answer 14

That life on this planet has changed over time

Question 15

The Theory of Evolution

Answer 15

A set of hypotheses that explain how the change occurs

Question 16

Great Chain of Being

Answer 16

An important idea of Greek and Roman Philosophy.
The notion that all forms of life on the planet can be ranked in order from the most important to the least important
-Supports the belief that higher ranked forms are better than lower ranked forms and that humans are superior to other life forms

Question 17

Essentialism

Answer 17

Each organism has a true, ideal form and that all living representatives of that organism are slight deviations from the ideal type
-Answers are self-evident

Question 18

John Ray

Answer 18

An English naturalist, classified plants and animals on the basis of similarities and differences

Question 19

Robert Hooke

Answer 19

Believed that fossils represented extinct organisms and proposed that extinctions occurred because of changes in the earth

Question 20

Nicolas Steno

Answer 20

Founded stratigraphy, the study of the rock and soil layers of the earth
-Proposed that the strata of the earth represented a chronological history of a constantly changing planet

Question 21

Catastrophism

Answer 21

• The belief that great castrophes regularly wipe out much of life on earth
• Believed humans were all descendants of survivors of the Great Flood

Question 22

Stratigraphy

Answer 22

The study of the layering of the earth’s sediments

Question 23

taxanomy

Answer 23

Naming and classification of organisms based on morphological similarities and differences

Question 24

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 24

A swedish naturalist and Father of Taxonomy

• Invented a two name system to identify and group different forms (binomial nomenclature)
• Believed in fixity of nature: No new species could arise from other
• Binomial nomenclature destroyed notions of great chain of being

Question 25

George-Louis Leclerc, Comte du Buffon

Answer 25

• Proposed that variation was the result of the dynamic interaction between organisms and their environment
• Still believed in Great Chain of Being
• Believed Earth was much older than 6000 years (160,000)

Question 26

Erasmus Darwin

Answer 26

Process of Speciation: Gradual change of one species into another–had produced the diversity of forms we see on the planet

Question 27

Lamarck

Answer 27

-Adaptation is the result of environmental challenges
Process of evolution: Will to change, the inheritance of acquired characteristics, law of use and disuse
-An organism can “will” itself to change over the course of its lifetime and pass those acquired traits off to offspring
-Largely Incorrect

Question 28

Adaptation

Answer 28

Change in response to environmental challenges

Question 29

Alfred Russel Wallace & Charles Darwin

Answer 29

-Variation present in populations means some individuals have traits that allow them to survive longer and produce more offspring
“Fit” traits are passed on to future generations (survival of the fittest)
-Organisms adapt to environments over time (Descent by modification/Natural Selection)

Question 30

Reproductive Success

Answer 30

A measure of the number of surviving off-spring an organism has

Question 31

Fit

Answer 31

Having the set of heritable traits that are best suited to existing and reproducing in a given environment

Question 32

Natural selection

Answer 32

Process by which the better fit variants in a population become over-represented over time

Question 33

Niche

Answer 33

Habitat or ecological role filled by an organism; the way in which an organism “makes a living”

Question 34

Parsimony

Answer 34

Economy in explanation; the least complex path

Question 35

Georges Cuvier

Answer 35

• Attempted to explain change/variation over time within the framework of the Great Chain of Being
• Became associated with the idea of catastrophism

Question 36

Jacques Boucher de Perthes

Answer 36

• Discovered stone handaxes along with fossils of extinct animals in the river terraces of the Somme River in France
• Archeological work established that people lived at the same time as animals that now extinct
• Association contracted the idea of catastrophism

Question 37

Uniformitarianism

Answer 37

The same geological processes have occurred throughout time and all across the Earth
-Proposed by Hutton and Lyell

Question 38

James Hutton & Charles Lyell

Answer 38

• Proposed uniformitarianism

- Believed processes of uniformitarianism required enormous amounts of time (Greater than 6000 years)

Question 39

Thomas Robert Malthus

Answer 39

Populations grow much faster than food, but they never exceed their food supply.
Implication: All organisms do not survive due to this environmental challenge
-Influenced Darwin