chapter 5

Question 1

Gave the name central dogma to the two-step process denoted DNA-RNA-protein

Answer 1

Crick

Question 2

is the synthesis of a single-stranded RNA copy of a segment of DNA

Answer 2

Transcription

Question 3

is the conversion of the messenger RNA base-sequence information into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

Answer 3

Translation

Question 4

The production of an RNA by transcription of a gene is one step of

Answer 4

Gene expression

Question 5

encodes the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. translation of this produces a a polypeptide

Answer 5

mRNA (messenger RNA)

Question 6

with ribosomal proteins, makes up the ribosomes-structures on which mRNA is translated.

Answer 6

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

Question 7

brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation.

Answer 7

tRNA (transfer RNA)

Question 8

with proteins, forms complexes that are used in eukaryotic RNA processing to produce functional mRNA’S.

Answer 8

snRNA (small nuclear RNA)

Question 9

The enzyme that catalyzes the process of transcription is _______

Answer 9

RNA POLYMERASE aka DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Question 10

Unlike DNA polymerases, RNA polymerases can initiate new RNA chains; in other words no ________ is needed.

Answer 10

primer

Question 11

The process of transcription occurs in three stages _______,_________, and _________.

Answer 11

initiation, elongation, and termination

Question 12

a sequence upstream of the start of the gene that encodes the RNA. The RNA polymerase interacts with it, and defines the direction for transcription and, thus dictates to the enzyme which DNA strand is the template strand where transcription is to begin.

Answer 12

Promoter

Question 13

specifies where the transcription stops in synthesis.

Answer 13

terminator

Question 14

Only one type of RNA polymerase is found in bacteria noted as the complete enzyme

Answer 14

holoenzyme or core enzyme

Question 15

a polypeptide that ensures the RNA polymerase binds properly in a stable way only at promoters.

Answer 15

sigma bond.

Question 16

There are two types of regulatory proteins: _________, and ________

Answer 16

activators: stimulate transcription by making easier for RNA polymerase to bind or elongate an RNA strand, repressors: inhibit transcription by making it more difficult for RNA polymerase to bind or elongate an RNA strand.

Question 17

RNA polymerase has two proofreading activities:

Answer 17

one similar to DNA, and the other cleaves the RNA at that position before resuming RNA synthesis in the forward direction.

Question 18

When transcription is terminated there are two types of signal termination:

Answer 18

I. Rho-dependent terminators (type II terminators), and Core RNA polymerase terminates transcription: these are called Rho-independent terminators (type I terminators).

Question 19

Rho-independent terminators consist of an inverted repeat sequence that is of ____, _____ base pairs. creates a hairpin structure.

Answer 19

A, T

Question 20

Rho-dependent terminators consist of ______ rich, and ______ poor sequences that have no hairpin structure.

Answer 20

C, G

Question 21

secondary structures occur only in ________

Answer 21

hairpin structures RNA TERMINATION SITES

Question 22

There are three different types of polymerases in eukaryotic transcription which are _______, ________, and _________

Answer 22

RNA POL I, RNA POL II, AND RNA POL III

Question 23

located in the nucleolus, catalyzes the synthesis of three of the RNA’s found in ribosomes.

Answer 23

RNA POL I

Question 24

located in the nucleoplasm synthesizes messenger RNA’S and some small nuclear RNA’s

Answer 24

RNA POL II

Question 25

located in the nucleoplasm synthesizes: 1. transfer RNA’s 2. 5S rRNA a small rRNA molecule found in each ribosome 3. the snRNA not made by RNA pol II

Answer 25

RNA POL III

Question 26

There are two general regions of the promoter where treanscription starts in eukaryotic cells these are

Answer 26

the core promoter,and the promoter proximal elements.

Question 27

is the set of cis-acting sequence elements needed for the transcription machinery to start RNA synthesis at the correct site. is responsible for the TATA BOX or TATA ELEMENT also called the GOLDBERG-HOGNESS BOX

Answer 27

core promoter

Question 28

specify where the transcription machinery assembles and determine where transcription will begin.

Answer 28

The Inr and TATA (Inr=initiator)

Question 29

Accurate initiation of transcription of a protein-coding gene involves the assembly of RNA polymerase II and a number of other proteins called _________ on the core promoter.

Answer 29

General transcription factors (GTFs)

Question 30

there are two fundamental differences in transcription with prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

Answer 30

prokaryotic cells can “couple” which is transcribe and translate the mRNA at the same time, where as the eukaryote must first transcribe in the nucleus and then move the mRNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to be translated.

Question 31

bacterial mRNAs often are ________ meaning they contain the amino acid coding information from more than one gene

Answer 31

polycistronic

Question 32

eukaryotic mRNAs typically are ________ meaning that they contain the amino acid-coding information from just one gene.

Answer 32

monocistronic

Question 33

in eukaryotes in general, protein-coding genes typically have non-amino acid-coding sequences called _______

Answer 33

introns.

Question 34

A segment of a protein-coding gene and its precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) that does not specify an amino acid sequence.

Answer 34

introns

Question 35

a segment of a protein-coding gene and its precursor (pre-mRNA) that specifies an amino acid sequence and is retained in the functional mRNA.

Answer 35

exon

Question 36

processing of Pre-mRNA to mature mRNA explain what must be removed_______

Answer 36

introns must be removed from the pre-mRNA while still in the nucleus leaving only the exons thus changing the # of base pairs and therefore allowing the mRNA to be translated.

Question 37

The splicing of mRNA occurs in the ______ in an area called the _______

Answer 37

nucleus, spliceosome

Question 38

small nuclear RNAs associated with proteins and play a role in the removal of introns.

Answer 38

small ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) pronounced snurps!!

Question 39

in the splicing steps the snRNPs function through ______ _______, and _______

Answer 39

RNA-RNA, RNA-protein, protein-protein

Question 40

an RNA molecule that has catalytic activity

Answer 40

ribozyme aka RNA enzymes

Question 41

helps mRNA move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and is made up of 50-250 adenine nucleotides

Answer 41

Poly (A) tail

Question 42

5’ modification adds a 7 methyl guanine nucleotide to the 5’ end, protects the strand against itself

Answer 42

5’ capping

Question 43

In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes the mature biologically active form of mRNA consists of 3 main parts______, _________, __________

Answer 43

the first is a 5’ untranslated leader sequence, then a central protein coding sequence including a start codon and stop codon, and finally a 3’ UTR trailer sequence.