chapter 2

Question 1

chromatin

Answer 1

is the stainable material in a cell nucleus: DNA and proteins

Question 2

Histones and Nonhistones

Answer 2

two major types of proteins associated with DNA in chromatin.

Question 3

Topoisomerases

Answer 3

The amount and type of DNA supercoiled is controlled by these enzymes that are found in all organisms.

Question 4

Plasmids

Answer 4

autonomously replicating small chromosomes not essential to the life of the cell.

Question 5

Different DNA structures are ________

Answer 5

A-DNA, B-DNA, AND Z-DNA

Question 6

In the cell the functional forms of RNA are________, and how many strands to they have?

Answer 6

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA (ribosomal RNA), snRNA (small nuclear), and miRNA (micro), and they are all single stranded molecules.

Question 7

Many monomers make up _______ and _______ are called _______

Answer 7

DNA, & RNA…… nucleotides

Question 8

nucleotides consist of ________

Answer 8

a sugar (pentose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (contains a nitrogen)

Question 9

The pentose sugar for DNA is______ and the pentose sugar for RNA is________

Answer 9

deoxyribose, and ribose

Question 10

There are two classes of bases which are _______

Answer 10

purines, and pyrimidines

Question 11

purines are nine membered double rings and include _______

Answer 11

adenine, and guanine

Question 12

pyrimidines are six membered single rings and include_______

Answer 12

thymine, cytosine, and uracil

Question 13

The combination of a sugar and a base is called______

Answer 13

nucleoside.

Question 14

Many nucleotides linked together are named_______

Answer 14

polynucleotides and make up DNA or RNA.

Question 15

The bonds between bases are called ______ and they follow a ____ to____ sequence.

Answer 15

phosphodiester bonds. 5 to 3 prime.

Question 16

The full amount of genetic material found in a virus, a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic organelle, or in one haploid set of a haploid organism’s chromosomes is ________.

Answer 16

genome

Question 17

There are two types of supercoiling which are ______ and ______ what does each one do

Answer 17

positive and negative. positive adds another base turn, negative removes another base turn.

Question 18

Usually all proteins associated with DNA and have a net negative charge are______ ________

Answer 18

nonhistones.

Question 19

The basic structural units of eukaryotic chromatin are ________

Answer 19

nucleosomes

Question 20

There are five main histones_______

Answer 20

H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4

Question 21

Which has a higher C-value plants, animals, or humans?

Answer 21

Plants, then humans, then animals.

Question 22

A specific set of sequences at the end of a linear chromosome, stabilizes the chromosome and is required for replication is called________

Answer 22

telomere

Question 23

Is the region of a chromosome containing DNA sequences to which mitotic and meiotic spindle fibers attach.

Answer 23

centromere

Question 24

In the 1930’s - 1940’s They lysed (broke open) III-s cells with a detergent created the Avery transformation experiment.

Answer 24

Oswald T. Avery, Colin M. Macleod, and Maclyn McCarty.

Question 25

In 1928 British medical officer was working with streptococcus pneumoniae. Discovered virulent strain is smooth and has a polysaccharide coat non-virulent strains are rough.

Answer 25

Fredrick Griffith, Griffiths transformation experiment

Question 26

Threadlike structures found in nuclei carriers of hereditary information.

Answer 26

chromosomes

Question 27

In 1869 swiss biochemist isolated substance from white blood cells of pus in used bandages from the crimean war, and discovered nucleic acid.

Answer 27

Friedrich Miescher

Question 28

In 1953 they published a paper that provided more evidence that DNA was genetic material.

Answer 28

Alfred D. Hershey, Martha Chase

Question 29

The phosphate group attaches to which carbon on a pentose ring?

Answer 29

The 5’

Question 30

On one end there is a phosphate group attached to the 5’ carbon and on the other end is an OH group attached to the 3’ carbon there making _______ chains ______.

Answer 30

polynucleotide, polar

Question 31

In 1953 they proposed a model for the physical and chemical structure of the DNA molecule.

Answer 31

James D. Watson, Francis H.C. Crick

Question 32

Performed base composition studies using x-ray diffraction.

Answer 32

Erwin Chargoff, Rosalin Franklin, and Maurice H.F. Wilkins

Question 33

DNA is made up of ________ (sugar), _______ (purine), _________(pyrimidine), and _________ ________. where is the hydrogen atom attached.

Answer 33

deoxyribose nucleic acid, adinine (A), guanine (g), cytosine (C), Thymine (T), and phosphate group. the #2 carbon.

Question 34

RNA is made up of ________ (sugar), _______ (purine), _________(pyrimidine), and _________ ________. where is the hydroxyl group attached.

Answer 34

ribose, adinine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, phosphate group, and the 2’ carbon.

Question 35

DNA sequence that is present in one to a few copies in the genome.

Answer 35

unique-sequence DNA

Question 36

DNA present in a few to about 10^5 copies in the genome.

Answer 36

moderately repetitive

Question 37

DNA present in about 10^5 to 10^7 copies in the genome.

Answer 37

highly repetitive

Question 38

The greatest amount of tandemly repeated DNA is associated with the ________ and the ________

Answer 38

centromeres and telomeres.