Chapter 5

Question 1

Seven Liberal Arts

Answer 1

grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music

Question 2

trivium

Answer 2

grammar, logic, rhetoric

Question 3

quadrivium (4)

Answer 3

arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music

Question 4

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 4

• Father of Modern Child Psychology, influenced Dewey
• Children progress through stages of growth and development, and these should serve as a guide for instruction
• Innate goodness of children that society corrupts

Question 5

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi

Answer 5

• Swiss experimental school, contributed to elementary schools
• instruction/curriculum should be selected in light of natural abilities and readiness to learn, concrete to abstract concepts
• Learning enhanced by self-esteem and emotional security, especially poor children

Question 6

Johann Friedrich Herbart

Answer 6

• Father of the Science of Education and of Modern Psychology
• Education should focus on developing moral character
• 5 step system for presenting new material:
• Preparation
• Presentation
• Association
• Generalization
• Application

Question 7

Joseph Lancaster and the monitorial system

Answer 7

• Developed for crowded schools, so older children could teach younger students
• One teacher instructed hundreds of pupils through student monitors

Question 8

parochial schools

Answer 8

• Schools in middle colonies based on religious beliefs (NY, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware)
• Groups like Irish, Scots, Swedes, Danes, Dutch, Germans started them

Question 9

horn book

Answer 9

• Used in Dame Schools
• copy of the alphabet covered w/ transparent sheet (made from cow horn), attached to paddle shaped wood for practicing writing letters, etc.

Question 10

New England Primer

Answer 10

• used in “Reading & Writing Schools”
• First printed in 1690, introduced children to the letters of the alphabet using illustrated woodcuts and rhymes
• large doses of religious warnings on how to conduct life

Question 11

Massachusetts Act of 1647 (Old Deluder Satan Act)

Answer 11

• Mandated the establishment and support of schools
• Towns with 50+ households had to have paid teacher
• Towns 100+ had to have Latin grammar school to prep for Harvard
• 5 pound fine for town that didn’t obey

Question 12

Jefferson’s Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge

Answer 12

• State-controlled free elementary schools to teach 3 years of the 3 R’s to white kids
• 20 grammar schools created where poor students could be taught free for 6 years
• Wasn’t passed, but he did found the University of Virginia

Question 13

Noah Webster’s Blue-Back Speller

Answer 13

• original copies were covered in light blue paper
• to help instill “the first rudiments of the language, some just ideas of religion, morals and domestic economy
• over 24 million copies sold, one of the 1st curriculum guides for elementary grades

Question 14

Horace Mann and the Common School

Answer 14

o First secretary of a state board of education, champion of common schools
o Led to free, public, locally controlled elementary schools
o Common School Journal
o Advocated that teachers have more than a high school education to teach

Question 15

normal schools

Answer 15

o First public normal school=July 3 1839 in MA

o General knowledge courses plus courses in pedagogy, & practice in a model school

Question 16

McGuffey’s readers

Answer 16

o 120 copies sold, 1st-6th grade

o Emphasized virtues like hard work, honesty, truth, charity, obedience

Question 17

Morrill Land-Grant Act

Answer 17

o Provided federal land for states to sell or to rent in order to raise funds for the est. of college or agriculture and mechanical arts
o 30,000acres for each rep and senator in its delegation in each state

Question 18

Friedrich Froebel

Answer 18

o Progressive, humanist patterned Kindergarten
o Stressed motor development and self-activity of children before formal schooling
o Play, games, stories, music, language activities
o **Child-centered curriculum materials

Question 19

Booker T. Washington

Answer 19

o Walked 500 miles to attend high education for African Americans
o First African American instructor
o Founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama for African Americans

Question 20

W. E. B. DuBois

Answer 20

o 1st African American w/ PhD & founder for NAACP
o Challenges Booker T Washington
o Called for most talented 10th of African Americans

Question 21

Committee of Ten

Answer 21

o	NEA (Founded 1857) appropriated 10 people to hold 9 conferences to decide high school curriculum to prep for life based in:
•	Latin
•	Greek
•	English
•	Modern languages
•	Mathematics
•	Physics, astronomy, chemistry
•	Natural history
•	History, civil government, political science
•	Geography

Question 22

Committee of Fifteen

Answer 22

o rejected kindergarten, curriculum synthese & interdisciplinary planning
o stressed 3 R’s, grammar, literature, geography, history
o included hygiene, music, sewing, drawing, cooking, algebra, Latin
o Rejected taking children’s interest into consideration

Question 23

Committee on College Entrance Requirements

Answer 23

o Standardizing required credits, strengthening college prep

o Developed model for Carnegie Unit

Question 24

Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education

Answer 24

o Report from Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education
o Called for a high school curriculum to accommodate differences in ability
o 7 educational goals “cardinal principles”

Question 25

7 educational goals “cardinal principles

Answer 25

• health
• command of fundamental processes
• worthy home membership
• vocation
• citizenship
• worthy use of leisure time
• ethical character

Question 26

John Dewey’s Laboratory School

Answer 26

o Progressive professor at Columbia University
o Stated school and society connected and that teachers much understand child’s world, psychological dimension
o Est. lab school for testing progressive principles in classes, connected to university
o Cooperative learning in small groups, child-centered
o 2 purposes:
• to exhibit, test, verify, criticize Dewey’s theoretical principles
• to add to the sum of facts/principles in terms of questions, not rules

Question 27

Maria Montessori

Answer 27

o Italian physician influenced by Rousseau
o Children’s mental, physical, spiritual development enhanced by appropriate activities/materials
o Kids pass through “sensitive” periods, special materials/physical exercises, allowed to chose their materials/activities

Question 28

Lanham Act

Answer 28

o Provided funding for
• Training of workers in war plants by US Office of Education personnel
• the construction of schools in areas where military personnel and workers on fed. Projects lived
• the provision of child care for the children of working parents

Question 29

G.I. Bill of Rights

Answer 29

o Provides veterans with payments for tuition and room and board in high education

Question 30

National Defense Education Act of 1958

Answer 30

o Sparked out of fear for Sputnik
o Sponsored research and innovation in science, math, languages, guidance
o New programs, new training

Question 31

ESEA

Answer 31

o Elementary & Secondary Education Act, part of Great Society Program
o Improved education of low-income children, allocated funds on the basis of the # of poor children in school districts
o Bilingual Educational Act added to provide aid to low-income ELL

Question 32

Title IX

Answer 32

o Part of Education Amendments, 1975

o No discrimination on the basis of sex, in any educational program

Question 33

Education for All Handicapped Children Act

Answer 33

o Extended educational opportunities to children with disabilities (mainstreaming law)
o Extensive due process procedures to ensure free, appropriate education in least restrictive environment, with parents involved

Question 34

A Nation at Risk

Answer 34

o The Imperative for Educational Reform
o Report by National Commission on Excellence in Education
o Debate on how to improve quality of schools