Chapter 5 Flashcards
Describe SOCIALIZATION
SOCIALIZATION is a LEARNING PROCESS through which an individual DEVELOP a SENSE OF SELF and LEARNS HOW to be a MEMBER of society.
It is when talking about socialization most overlaps with psychology.
PRIMARY socialization is the first socialization that a CHILD RECEIVES. NOT ALL behaviours can be taught.
SECONDARY socialization occurs LATER and THROUGHOUT LIFE.
Describe DETERMINISM and FREE WILL
Discussion of socialization MUST ADDRESS the topic of DETERMINISM VERSUS FREE WILL.
DETERMINISM is the belief that INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR, values, and other PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS are SHAPED by a FACTOR BEYOND their CONTROL.
FREE WILL refers to AGENCY, capacity to CONTROL personal choice, and is NOT PREDETERMINED.
Describe NATURE VS. NURTURE APP of Determinism
Biological vs. Cultural Determinism / Behaviorism
Within DETERMINISM is the “NATURE v. NURTURE” debate.
Both are ABSOLUTIST and assert NO AGENCY.
“NATURE” side is BIOLOGICAL Determinism, which states that we are MOSTLY determined by GENES.
“NURTURE” side is CULTURAL Determinism / BEHAVIOURISM, which emphasizes the SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT as having power over everything.
Describe SIGMUND FREUD’S ideas about BALANCED PERSONALITY
SIGMUND FREUD believed that SOCIALIZATION BALANCED the biological and social personality.
The mind is composed of the id, the ego, and the superego made reference to the individual’s ASPECTS and CONFLICT between CONSCIOUS and UNCONSCIOUS MIND.
The id and superego are mostly involved in socialization.
Describe
SuperEgo EGO ID
Conscious MEDIATOR UNConscious
(eros, thanatos)
SIGMUND FREUD explained balance between biological and cultural determinism using these psychological ideas:
SUPEREgo INTERNALIZES normative ideas into Conscience, the conscience or moral sense.
It is still part of unconscious though!
EGO is the MEDIATOR between ID and SUPEREgo and UnConscious v. conscious.
ID means Instinctive Drives of subconscious and is made up of 2 more things…
EROS is life drive involving (ie. sexual) pleasure.
THANATOS is death drive involving violent aggression.
Describe the different agents of socialization
The agents of socialization are the GROUPS having a SIGNIFICANT IMPACT on an individual’s SOCIALIZATION.
The 7 main agents are family, peer group, neighbourhood or community, school, mass media, the legal system, and the broader culture.
PEER GROUP is a social group sharing key characteristics such as age, social position, and interests.
Describe GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
Agent of Socialization CATEGORIES
(Significant or Generalized) Others
SEQUENCE of Socialization
- Preparatory
- Play
- Game
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD, the guy who also coined the SELF, thought all agents of socialization belong to one of two categories:
SIGNIFICANT OTHERS are primarily parents, but also siblings and close friends, whom children model themselves after through IMITATION.
GENERALIZED OTHERS help children come to INTERNALIZE SOCIETAL attitudes, viewpoints, and general EXPECTATIONS.
Mead also identified a SEQUENCE for socialization. This progression begins with the
1. PREPARATORY stage, involving bare IMITATION;
- PLAY stage, involving ROLE-TAKING, or PRETENDING / IMAGINING how they act;
- GAME stage, CONSIDERING several ROLES and thinking about how they will interact together.
Describe DENNIS WRONG
and PROMOTING AGENCY in Socialization Process
through
OVERSOCIALIZED
Canadian sociologist DENNIS WRONG SUPPORTS Presence of AGENCY (i.e. free will) in the socialization process.
He claims that PEOPLE ACTIVELY ENGAGE in SOCIALIZATION PROCESS, rather than simply being acted upon by agents of socialization.
OVERSOCIALIZED is a MISLEADING belief that humans are PASSIVE recipients of socialization
People do not automatically conform to the lessons of socialization but are free to reinterpret, reshape, and resist them.
Describe CHARLES HORTON COOLEY
and LOOKING-GLASS SELF
How we are seen by others
CHARLES HORTON COOLEY developed LOOKING-GLASS SELF to DESCRIBE the INTERACTIVE socialization process.
This concept refers to how OUR SELF-IMAGE is INFLUENCED by how WE BELIEVE we are viewed
- by other people
- by ourselves
- how you feel as a result to these ideas.
Describe RESocialization
Learning/Unlearning
Voluntary/Involuntary
(Erving Goffman’s Total institutions)
RESOCIALIZATION is another socialization process. It occurs when INDIVIDUALS MOVES to NEW SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT.
This process involves LEARNING, and also UNLearning, behaviours, beliefs, and values.
It can be either VOLUNTARY (e.g. undergoing a religious conversion) or INVOLUNTARY (e.g. entering prison).
INVOLUNTARY resocialization usually occurs within what ERVING GOFFMAN called TOTAL INSTITUTIONS ie. where DEGRADATION ceremonies speed up unlearning.
Describe EDWARD THORNDIKE
LAW OF EFFECT
EDWARD THORNDIKE’S
LAW OF EFFECT asserts that if an action is POSITIVELY SANCTIONED, the likelihood if doing it again increases and vice-versa.
Application is behaviour modification.
Describe L. ROWELL HUESMANN
L. ROWELL HUESMANN observed the influence of TELEVISION VIOLENCE on children using LONGITUDINAL STUDIES, which studied the the test subjects over a long period of time.
His first study concluded that there is a correlation between T.V. violence and violence in adults across many traits.
Describe L. ROWELL HUESMANN’s theories
- OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING THEORY
- DESENSITIZATION THEORY
- OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING THEORY states children learn HOW TO SOLVE VIOLENT PROBLEMS by watching TV violence called AGGRESSIVE SCRIPTS
- DESENSITIZATION THEORY states INCREASED EXPOSURE to TV violence DESENSITIZES BAD REACTION to violence.
Describe JIB FOWLES’ retort to
HUESSMAN’s LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
JIB FOWLES argues sociologists are actually trying to use TV violence to vaguely link other factors like age, race, sex...because it TARGETS THEM too often. TV Violence got "caught in the crossfire." He refers the works of PIERRE BOURDIEU, the guy who studied class and culture.
Describe JIB FOWLES’ /
PIERRE BOURDIEU’s theories
- HABITUS
- REPRODUCTION
- HABITUS is a SET of CLASS / CULTURAL acquired CHARACTERISTICS.
- REPRODUCTION is how CLASSES PRESERVE STATUS DIFFERENCES in-between social classes. It is COMMON in UPPER classes.
Sociologists who condemn TV violence are aimed at REPRODUCING HABITUS of DOMINANT class.
