Chapter 10 Flashcards
Describe RACIALIZATION
Races are NOT BIOLOGICAL, even though they try to make the impression.
RACIALIZATION is a social PROCESS where PEOPLE are JUDGED DIFFERENTLY based on intellect, morality, values, and innate worth from physical APPEARANCE or cultural HERITAGE.
Describe the 4 elements that contribute to racism
Racialization (biol superiority)
Prejudice (pre-judgment)
Discrimination (treat differently)
Power (institutional disadvantage)
Racism is a product of four linked elements:
RAZIALIZATION (the construction of certain groups as
biologically superior or inferior),
PREJUDICE (the pre-judgment of others on the basis of their group membership),
DISCRIMINATION (the act of treating individuals differently based on their group membership),
and POWER (manifested when institutionalized advantages handed to certain groups over others).
Describe the ideas of BEVERLY DANIEL TATUM
Racist label can only be applied to disadvantaged people
Non white people cannot be racist but can be prejudiced
Clinical psychologist
BEVERLY DANIEL TATUM emphasizes the
IMPORTANCE OF POWER, arguing that in a WHITE DOMINATED SOCIETY like Canada, “RACIST” is a label that can ONLY be accurately APPLIED to the racialized bigotry of WHITE people AGAINST NON-WHITE people.
NON-WHITE people can be prejudiced but CANNOT BE RACIST, because they DO NOT HAVE structural or historical SUPPORT. Without power, any group can be radicalized since they have no support.
Describe the DIFFERENT FORMS of Racism
Racial BIGOTRY (open expression)
SYSTEMIC / Institutional Racism (works 4 t system)
FRIENDLY Racism (hidden yet open intention)
RACIAL BIGOTRY is the OPEN and conscious EXPRESSION of racist views by an individual.
SYSTEMIC (or institutional) racism occurs when RACIST practices, RULES, and laws BECOME INSTITUTIONALIZED.
FRIENDLY Racism is expressed with a smile or with seemingly friendly words.
Describe MASTER NARRATIVES
MICHEL FOUCAULT => “BURIED KNOWLEDGE”
MASTER NARRATIVES are STORIES that COUNTRIES WRITE about THEMSELVES.
These narratives often
DOWNPLAY OR OMIT RACISM because these stories would make the dominant culture look bad.
This includes hiding minority mistreatment and dominant culture problems.
Social theorist MICHEL FOUCAULT called these sorts of strategic omissions “BURIED KNOWLEDGE.”
The master narrative of early Canadian history highlights the co-operation between Aboriginal people and European fur traders, but ignores the exploitation and social destruction that occurred.
List 5 theoretical approaches of STUDYING ETHNICITY
Understanding ethnicity is not just a matter of collecting ethnic traits and applying the appropriate
label. There are a variety of theoretical approaches to the study of ethnicity, including
(Political) SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM INSTRUMENTALISM PRIMORDIALISM EPIPHENOMENAL (app to primordialism) ANTI-COLONIALISM (app from history)
Describe SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM
Ethnicity is created BY PEOPLE for social purposes only
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM is the view that ETHNICITY is MADE by individuals for varying SOCIAL PURPOSES.
This theory focuses on the motivations of a broad group of people.
Such functionalist claims poorly explain conflict.
Describe INSTRUMENTALISM
Elites help people with similar ethnicity mobilize more easily in society
INSTRUMENTALISM suggests that ELITES can MOBILIZE PEOPLE who IDENTIFY with them ETHNICALLY, to compete more effectively with outsiders for resources. Ethnic groups gain self awareness to compete in the state.
ETHNIC ENTREPRENEURs are elite members of society who mobilize ethnicity for person gain.
ie. Hitler manipulating German Aryan Race
It can be considered a PARTIAL formed version of EPIPHENOMENAL, But
INSTRUMENTALISM DOES NOT to RECOGNIZE AGENCY in NON-ELITE individuals because it overemphasizes the elite power.
It opposes Primordialism.
Describe PRIMORDIALISM / ESSENTIALISM
Culture is fixed
Traits are passed down over generations
PRIMORDIALISM (also known as ESSENTIALISM) presents CULTURE is UNCHANGING and suggests that EVERY ETHNIC group is HAS TRAITS that are CARRIED DOWN from past generations with little or NO CHANGE.
Excuse for colonial power problems because they are the “stabilizing influence.”
Primordialism is the OPPOSITE of INSTRUMENTALISM.
Describe EPIPHENOMENAL
ETHNICITY CONFLICT is actually caused by ECONOMIC CLASS CONFLICT => false class consciousness
The EPIPHENOMENAL approach to ethnicity suggests
ETHNIC CONFLICT is a BYPRODUCT of
ECONOMIC CLASS STRUGGLE.
ETHNIC identity develops a FALSE CONSCIOUSNESS that PREVENTS people with shared class interests from OVERCOMING OPPRESSION.
Describe ANTI-COLONIALISM
FRANZ FANON (black) and ALBERT MEMMI (Jew)
ie. South and North Africa
ANTI-colonialism (POST-colonialism) analyzes the destructive IMPACT COLONIALISM has on both the colonizer and the colonized and focuses on the DEVELOPMENT and escalation of CONFLICT BTW GROUPS. The problem is that it asserts that ALL NEGATIVE CHANGES occur due to OUTSIDE FORCES.
Solution: DUAL colonialism is the theory that, under a colonial regime, SOME GROUPS may be OPPRESSED BY BOTH the COLONIZERS AND a LOCAL GROUP GIVEN PRIVILEGE by the colonizers.
INTERNAL Colonialism is when one people dominate another in one country ie. Canadians and Indians.
Describe EVERETT C. HUGHES
studied “ethnic division of labour” injustice between
strong English and powerless French Canadians
ETHNIC CLASS:
Job prestige based on ethnicity rank
EVERETT C. HUGHES first studied the ETHNIC LABOR DIVISION btw the English and French in Quebec in the 1930s.
ETHNIC CLASS is the DIVISION into high and low RANKED JOBS among people of DIFFERENT ETHNICITIES.
He found that in one factory almost all MANAGEMENT positions were held by ANGLOPHONES, while francophones were the majority on the factory floor.
The QUIET REVOLUTION helped stop this.
Describe JOHN PORTER
CULTURAL => VERTICAL MOSIAC
JOHN PORTER studied SOCIAL CLASS and OPPORTUNITY.
He found that Canada’s CULTURAL MOSIAC was HIERARCHAL, and he calls it a
VERTICAL MOSIAC, where some ethnic and religious groups benefit more from their group identity than others.
Describe W.E.B. DU BOIS
1st AFRICAN AMERICAN Sociologist
One founder of NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
W.E.B. DU BOIS and Daniel G. Hill were two important BLACK SOCIOLOGISTS who brought INSIDER
PERSPECTIVES to their STUDY of RACE.
In late 19th century, Du Bois became the FIRST African-American sociologist. He researched and wrote on worldwide and US African problems.
He was “PAN-AFRICANIST” meaning he sees connections of success and failures between Africans and descendants around the world.
Du Bois was also an activist and one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Describe DANIEL HILL
1st BLACK CANADIAN Sociologist
DANIEL HILL was the 1ST BLACK CANADIAN sociologist, He authored books on the social conditions of black people in Canada, but he is known mostly for his APPLIED SOCIOLOGICAL WORK.
He held several important positions, including Ontario Human Rights Commissioner and ombudsman of Ontario.
