Chapter 5 Flashcards
Phonological disorder
Errors of many phonemes that form patterns or clusters
Articulation disorder
Problems in producing speech sounds
Stops
Speech sounds that are produced by completely stopping the airflow. Also known as stop-plosives. Ex. /p/ /b,t,d,k,g/
Fricatives
A category of speech sounds that are produced by severely constructing the oral cavity and then forcing the air through it. Creates a friction or hissing noise. /s,f,v,z,h/
Affricates
A group of consonants with the characteristics of stops and fricatives. /ch/ as in chair. /j/ jump
Glides
A category of speech sounds that are produced by gradually changing the shape of the articulators. /w/ wine /j/ yes
Liquids
Speech sounds that are produced with the least restriction of the oral cavity. Also called semivowels. /r/ /l/
Nasals
Speech sounds with nasal resonance added to them, they are produced while keeping the velopharyngeal port open. /n,m,ng/
The place of articulation
Where the sounds are produced in the oral cavity
Bilabial
Involving both lips, Bilabial sounds are produced primarily by the two lips. /p,b,m,w/
Labiodental
Sounds that are produced by the lips and teeth. /f,v/
Dental/ linguadentals
Sounds that are produced by the tounge as it makes contact with the upper teeth. /th/ think and them
Alveolars/ lingua-alveolar
Sounds that are produced by the back of the tongue which rises to make contact with the velum
Palatals/ linguapalatal
Sounds that are produced by the back of the tongue which rises to make contact with the velum (soft palate) /sh/ ship /ge/ rouge /ch/ chalk /r/
Linguavelar
Sounds that are produced by raising the tip of the tongue to make a contact with the alveolar ridge which is the place immediately behind the front teeth. /k,g/
Glottal
Sounds that are produced by keeping the vocal folds open and letting the air pass through the opening, because this results in friction noise. Glottals are also fricatives.
0 months
Recognizes mothers voice
4-6 months
Babbling, differentiated cries
7-10 months
Re duplicated babbling intent
11-14 months
Phonetically consistent first words and forms protowords
2 years
/p,h,w,m,b,k,g/
3 years
/d,f,j(y),t,n,s/ all vowels
4 years
/v,sh,ch,z/
5 years
/r,l,th,ng,dj,th(v)/
6-8 years
/dz/
Articulation errors
Difficulty is at phonetic level. Nothing is wrong with articulators
Substitution
An incorrect sound is produced for target sound. /wed/ red /fith/ fish
Omission
Sound is left out of a word
/baw/ ball /res/ rest
Distortion
Sound produced is recognizable but inaccurate Lateral lisp (slushy s or z)
Addition
Addition of a sound
Balue for blue
Phonological process disorder
Involves of sound errors
Final consonant deletion
Final consonant is omitted from a word
Boat-bo
Velar fronting
Back sound is replaced by a front sound
Car- tar
Palatial fronting
Sh or zh are replaced by s or z
Ship - sip
Cluster reduction
A cluster element is deleted or replaced
Try- Ty
Stopping
A stop consonant replaces a fricatives or affricative
Ship- tip
Articulation disorders:
Organic
Functional
Organic (physical) - cleft palate, cerebral palsy, glossectomy, otitis media, mental retardation
Functional- substitution, lisp
Traditional Approaches
Perceptual training and production training, established in isolation, transfer to conversational speech and maintain outside clinic
Phonological approaches
Emphasizes changing of patterns of errors rather than individual sounds
Traditional approaches are
Auditory discrimination
Sensory motor approach (McDonald): begin with syllable level
Paired stimuli approach- pairs a key word (child can say) with a target word
Multiple phoneme approach- teaching more than one sound at a time
Phonological approaches are:
Hodsons cycle approach: cyclic approach, designed for unintelligible,
Minimal pair- pair of words differ by 1 sound and train how that changes meaning
