Chapter 1 Flashcards
Difference between communication and language
Communication: exchange of info, social event, it is action that affects other people.
Language: what makes people so efficient at communication
(Linguistic) a system of symbols and codes used in communication.
(Behavioral) a form of social behavior, shaped and maintained by a verbal community.
What is communication?
A form of social behavior that affects the actions of each participant
4 major aspects of communication
Voice Articulation Language Fluency Hearing
How is language studied and what are the two major approaches to study language
Language is studied through the morphological component, syntactic component, semantic component, and pragmatic component.
2 major approaches: linguistic approach- language behavioral- verbal behavior
Chomsky’s Theory of syntax
States that syntactic structures are the essence of language
Language competence
The innate and perfect knowledge of the rules of the universal grammar which apply to all languages and already available at the time of birth
Language performance
The actual production of language
Surface structure
The actual arrangement of words in a syntactic order
Deep structure
Holds the rules of sentence formation
Grammatical transformations
An operation that relates deep and surface structures and yields different forms of sentences
Verbal behavior
A form of social behavior maintained by the actions of a verbal community. The functional units in the behavioral analysis of language are mand, tact, echoics, intraverbals, and autoclitics.
Mand
Verbal behavior that is caused by deprivation or need.
Tact
Describe and comment on the things and events around the speaker
Echoic
Imitative verbal responses whose stimuli are the speech of another person. Reinforced by the close resemblance of between the stimulus and the response
Intraverbals
Group of verbal responses that are stimulated by the speakers own prior verbal responses. When the conversation goes from one topic to another
Autoclitics
Secondary verbal responses that help point out the causes of primary verbal responses
Linguistic analysis of language
Morphology-words Grammatical morphemes Syntax- word order Sentence structure Semantics- meaning Knowledge (cognition) Pragmatics- social use, rules of usage
Behavioral analysis of language
Functional units: mands, tacts, echoics, intraverbals, autoclitics. A verbal relation: audience
How are communicative disorders classified
On the basis of either known or presumed causes, the age of onset, or different components of communication.
Organic disorders
Caused by some defect in the neurophysiological mechanism of speech
Functional disorders
Do not have a demonstrable organic or neurological cause
Congenital disorders
Noticed at the time of birth or soon after
Acquired
There has been a period of normal communication and then it was acquired
Motor speech disorders
Also known as neurogenic speech disorders, they are caused by central or peripheral nervous system damage
Language disorders
Difficulties in the acquisition of language are called language disorders
Telegraphic speech
Means that they are missing grammatical elements as articles, prepositions and conjunctions
Aphasia
When the left hemisphere is damaged most adults suffer from aphasia which is a loss of language. Also caused by strokes
Stuttering
Excessive amounts or excessively long duration of deadly envy
Cluttering
Impaired fluency and rapid but disordered articulation combined with disorganized thought. (Abnormally fast rate and articulation is lost)
Conductive hearing loss
The sound transmission from the outer or middle ear to the inner ear is impaired
Sensorineural hearing loss
The inner ear, the auditory nerve that transmits sound to the brain, or both may be impaired
What percentage of children receiving special educational services have speech or language impairments
25%
