Chapter 1

Question 0

Difference between communication and language

Answer 0

Communication: exchange of info, social event, it is action that affects other people.
Language: what makes people so efficient at communication
(Linguistic) a system of symbols and codes used in communication.
(Behavioral) a form of social behavior, shaped and maintained by a verbal community.

Question 1

What is communication?

Answer 1

A form of social behavior that affects the actions of each participant

Question 2

4 major aspects of communication

Answer 2

Voice
Articulation
Language
Fluency
Hearing

Question 3

How is language studied and what are the two major approaches to study language

Answer 3

Language is studied through the morphological component, syntactic component, semantic component, and pragmatic component.
2 major approaches: linguistic approach- language behavioral- verbal behavior

Question 4

Chomsky’s Theory of syntax

Answer 4

States that syntactic structures are the essence of language

Question 5

Language competence

Answer 5

The innate and perfect knowledge of the rules of the universal grammar which apply to all languages and already available at the time of birth

Question 6

Language performance

Answer 6

The actual production of language

Question 7

Surface structure

Answer 7

The actual arrangement of words in a syntactic order

Question 8

Deep structure

Answer 8

Holds the rules of sentence formation

Question 9

Grammatical transformations

Answer 9

An operation that relates deep and surface structures and yields different forms of sentences

Question 10

Verbal behavior

Answer 10

A form of social behavior maintained by the actions of a verbal community. The functional units in the behavioral analysis of language are mand, tact, echoics, intraverbals, and autoclitics.

Question 11

Mand

Answer 11

Verbal behavior that is caused by deprivation or need.

Question 12

Tact

Answer 12

Describe and comment on the things and events around the speaker

Question 13

Echoic

Answer 13

Imitative verbal responses whose stimuli are the speech of another person. Reinforced by the close resemblance of between the stimulus and the response

Question 14

Intraverbals

Answer 14

Group of verbal responses that are stimulated by the speakers own prior verbal responses. When the conversation goes from one topic to another

Question 15

Autoclitics

Answer 15

Secondary verbal responses that help point out the causes of primary verbal responses

Question 16

Linguistic analysis of language

Answer 16

Morphology-words
Grammatical morphemes
Syntax- word order
Sentence structure 
Semantics- meaning 
Knowledge (cognition) 
Pragmatics- social use, rules of usage

Question 17

Behavioral analysis of language

Answer 17

Functional units: mands, tacts, echoics, intraverbals, autoclitics. A verbal relation: audience

Question 18

How are communicative disorders classified

Answer 18

On the basis of either known or presumed causes, the age of onset, or different components of communication.

Question 19

Organic disorders

Answer 19

Caused by some defect in the neurophysiological mechanism of speech

Question 20

Functional disorders

Answer 20

Do not have a demonstrable organic or neurological cause

Question 21

Congenital disorders

Answer 21

Noticed at the time of birth or soon after

Question 22

Acquired

Answer 22

There has been a period of normal communication and then it was acquired

Question 23

Motor speech disorders

Answer 23

Also known as neurogenic speech disorders, they are caused by central or peripheral nervous system damage

Question 24

Language disorders

Answer 24

Difficulties in the acquisition of language are called language disorders

Question 25

Telegraphic speech

Answer 25

Means that they are missing grammatical elements as articles, prepositions and conjunctions

Question 26

Aphasia

Answer 26

When the left hemisphere is damaged most adults suffer from aphasia which is a loss of language. Also caused by strokes

Question 27

Stuttering

Answer 27

Excessive amounts or excessively long duration of deadly envy

Question 28

Cluttering

Answer 28

Impaired fluency and rapid but disordered articulation combined with disorganized thought. (Abnormally fast rate and articulation is lost)

Question 29

Conductive hearing loss

Answer 29

The sound transmission from the outer or middle ear to the inner ear is impaired

Question 30

Sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 30

The inner ear, the auditory nerve that transmits sound to the brain, or both may be impaired

Question 31

What percentage of children receiving special educational services have speech or language impairments

Answer 31

25%