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Bio > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

macromolecules

A

members of carbs, proteins, nucleic acids (huge molecules)

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2
Q

large biological molecules

A

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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3
Q

macromolecules are ___, built from ___

A

polymers, monomers

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4
Q

polymer

A

long molecule consisting of many similar/identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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5
Q

monomers

A

repeating units of a polymer

connected by dehydration reaction

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6
Q

enzymes

A

specialized macromolecules that speed up chem reactions

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7
Q

dehydration reaction

A

when 2 molecules are covalently bonded to each other w/ loss of a water molecule
one monomer provides the OH, other provides H

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8
Q

hydrolysis

A

disassembles polymers to make monomers, reverse of dehydration synthesis
bond broken w/ addition of a water molecule (eg. digestion)

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9
Q

how many monomers are used in constructing molecules?

A

40-50 common monomers and a few rare ones

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10
Q

how is it possible to create so many different polymers?

A

linear sequence is important.

*small molecules common to all organisms are ordered into unique macromolecules

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11
Q

carbohydrates serve as ___ and ___

A

fuel, building material

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12
Q

carbohydrates

A

sugars and polymers of sugars

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13
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars
have molecular formulas that are the multiple of the unit CH2O (eg. glucose, C6H12O6)
molecule has carbonyl group (CO) and multiple hydroxyl groups (OH)
major nutrients for cells

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14
Q

disaccharides

A

double sugars, 2 monosaccharides joined by covalent bond (glycosidic linkage)

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15
Q

polysaccharides

A

many sugar building blocks, macromolecules
storage material, hydrolyzed as needed for sugar
building material for structures that protect the cell/whole organism
architect and function determined by sugar monomers and position of glycosidic links

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16
Q

aldose/aldehyde sugar

A

carbonyl group at end of carbon skeleton

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17
Q

ketose/ketone sugar

A

carbonyl group in middle of carbon skeleton

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18
Q

most names for sugars end in:

A

-ose

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19
Q

Can also classify sugars according to:

A

size of carbon skeleton (3-7)

eg. glucose, galactose (aldehydes), fructose (ketone) = hexoses
eg. ribose (aldehyde), ribulose (ketone) = pentoses
eg. glyceraldehyde (aldehyde), dihydroxyacetone (ketone) = trioses

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20
Q

sugars can also differ in

A

spatial diversity

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21
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction (e.g.. maltose = 2 glucoses, sucrose = glucose + fructose)

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22
Q

starch

A

polymer of glucose monomers, stored as granules within plastids
enables plant to stockpile surplus glucose
most glucose in it joined by 1-4 linkages (No 1 carbon to no 4 carbon)
glucose monomers are in alpha config.

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23
Q

glycogen

A

polymer of glucose like amylopectin, more extensively branched
stored mainly in liver and muscle cells
releases glucose when need for sugar incr.

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24
Q

cellulose

A

major component of tough walls of plant cells
polysaccharide
glucose monomers in beta config.
never branched
few animals can digest (some animals have cellulose digesting microbes in their stomach, eg. cows, termites)

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25
Q

glucose

A

has 2 rings (alpha and beta), alpha = water OH on bottom, beta = OH on top

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26
Q

chitin

A

carb used by arthropods to build exoskeletons, also found in fungi
has beta links, but glucose monomer of chitin has nitrogen-containing appendage

27
Q

lipids are a diverse group of ___ molecules

A

hydrophobic

28
Q

lipids

A

don’t include true polymers
mix poorly w/ water
mostly hydrocarbon regions
include fats, phospholipids, steroids

29
Q

fat

A

smaller molecules, glycerol and fatty acids

3 fatty acid molecules joined to glycerol by ester linkage

30
Q

fatty acid

A

long carbon skeleton (16-18)

carbon at one end of skeleton is part of carboxyl group (gives name acid)

31
Q

ester linkage

A

bond formed by dehydration reaction between hydroxyl group and carbon group

32
Q

triacylglycerol

A

3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecules

33
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain
as many H atoms as poss bonded to carbon skeleton
most animal fats = saturated: HC chains of fact acids (tails) lack double bonds and allows fat molecules to pack together tightly

34
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

has 1+ double bonds, 1 few H atom on each double-bonded atom

35
Q

cis double bonds

A

nearly all double bonds in naturally occurring fatty acids

cause a kink in hydrocarbon

36
Q

atheroscerlosis

A

plaques develop within walls of blood vessels, cause inward bulges that impede blood flow and reduce resilience of vessels
caused by died rich in saturated fats

37
Q

trans fats

A

unsaturated fats w/ trans double bonds

38
Q

major function of fats

A

energy storage

39
Q

adipose cells/tissue

A

stock long term food
cushions vital organs
insulates body

40
Q

phospholipid

A

has only 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol rather than three; third joined to a phosphate group (neg electrical charge in cell)
additional small charged/polar mole also linked to phosphate group (eg. choline)

41
Q

two ends of phospholipids are different b/c:

A 
hydrocarbon tails = hydrophobic
phosphate group = hydrophilic head
form bilayers (cell membranes)
42
Q

steroids

A

lipids w/ carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings

distinguished by chem groups attached to the ensemble of rings

43
Q

cholesterol

A

steroid crucial in animals
component of anima cell membranes
precursor to other steroids (sex hormones)
synthesized in liver and obtained in diet
high level may contrib. to atherosclerosis

44
Q

proteins include a diversity of ___, resulting in a wide range of ___

A

structures, functions

45
Q

importance of proteins

A

50%+ of dry mass of most cells
speed up chem reactions
some play role in defense, storage, transport, cell communication, movement, structural support

46
Q

catalysts

A

enzymatic proteins that regulate metabolism

chem agents hat selectively speed up chem reactions w/o being consumed by the reaction

47
Q

proteins are all made of:

A

20 proteins

48
Q

polypeptide

A

polymer of amino acids

49
Q

protein

A

biologically function molecule made up of one+ polypeptides, each folded and coiled into specific 3D structure

50
Q

amino acid

A

organic molecule w/ amino group and carboxyl group
@ center is an alpha carbon, asymmetric carbon atom partnered w/ amino group, carboxyl group, H atom, variable group symbolized by R

51
Q

side chain/R

A

differs w/ each amino acid

52
Q

enzymatic proteins

A

selective acceleration of chem reactions

eg. digestive enzymes catalyze hydrolysis bonds in food molecules

53
Q

defensive proteins

A

protection against disease (eg. antibodies inactivate and help destroy viruses and bacteria)

54
Q

storage proteins

A

storage of amino acids (eg. casein, protein of mile, source of amino acids for baby mammals)

55
Q

transport proteins

A

transport of substances (eg. hemoglobin, iron-containing protein of vertebrate blood, transports oxygen fr lungs to other parts of the body, others transport across cell membranes)

56
Q

hormonal proteins

A

coordination of organism activities (eg. insulin, hormone secreted by pancreas, causes other tissues to take up glucose, regulating blood sugar concentration)

57
Q

receptor proteins

A

response of cell to chem stimuli (eg. receptors built into membrane of nerve cell detect signaling molecules released by other nerve cells)

58
Q

contractile and motor proteins

A

movement (eg. motor proteins responsible for undulations of cilia and flagella; actin and myosin proteins responsible for contraction of muscles)

59
Q

structural proteins

A

support (eg. keratin = protein of hair, horns, feathers, etc; collagen and elastin proteins provide a fibrous framework in animal connective tissues)

60
Q

acidic amino acids

A

have side chains hat are generally neg in charge due to presence of carboxyl group, which usually dissociate at cellular pH, hydrophilic

61
Q

basic amino acids

A

amino groups in side chains that are generally positive in charge, hydrophilic

62
Q

hydrophobic; non polar side chains

A

glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, proline

63
Q

hydrophilic

A

serine, threonin, cystein, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine

64
Q

electrically charged side chains, hydrophilic

A

aspartic acid, glutamic acid (acidic)lysine, arginine, histidine (basic)

Bio (10 decks)

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