Chapter 5

Question 1

What is a theory?

A proposed __, ___, or ___ of a ___ or ____ phenomenon or set of phenomena.

Answer 1

A proposed explanation, framework, or model of a natural or social phenomenon or set of phenomena.

Question 2

What is a model?

An ___ ___of the major parts of a ___ phenomenon or system.

Proposes a set of ____and the ___ among them.

They ….

Answer 2

An ideal prototype of the major parts of a complex phenomenon or system.

Proposes a set of variables and the relationships among them.

They help explain how a system works.

Question 3

Ancient Stuttering Treatments(Limited Evidence of Improvement)

Talking with ___ in the mouth (Demosthenes, ancient Greece)

Surgical resections of the ___ (Germany, 1840s)

___ devices (U.S.; France, 1800’s)

Answer 3

Talking with pebbles in the mouth (Demosthenes, ancient Greece)

Surgical resections of the tongue (Germany, 1840s)

Prosthetic devices (U.S.; France, 1800’s)

Question 4

Stuttering theories: The blind men and the elephant

Six blind men encountered an elephant for the first time. Each touched the elephant and arrived at a different ___ – like a wall, like a fan, like a spear, like a tree, like a snake, etc. Each was correct, but they needed to combine their knowledge to understand the elephant.

Answer 4

Six blind men encountered an elephant for the first time. Each touched the elephant and arrived at a different impression – like a wall, like a fan, like a spear, like a tree, like a snake, etc. Each was correct, but they needed to combine their knowledge to understand the elephant.

Question 5

Types of Causal Factors

• ____ - sets up a vulnerability
• ____- triggers episodes or events
• ____- aggravates or maintains

bidirectional cause

Answer 5

Predisposing - sets up a vulnerability
Precipitating - triggers episodes or events
Perpetuating - aggravates or maintains

Question 6

Other Factors

• Risk factors – ___ or ____aspects associated with a disorder; but they do not ___ it (e.g., male)
• Protective factors - biological or behavioral aspects associated with …., but they do not ____ it (e.g., female)

Answer 6

Risk factors – biological or behavioral aspects associated with a disorder; but they do not cause it (e.g., male)
Protective factors - biological or behavioral aspects associated with not having a disorder, but they do not cure it (e.g., female)

Question 7

valid=
exhaustive=
elegant=
parsimonious=
exclusive=
testable=
predictive=
consistent=
flexible=
explanatory=

Answer 7

• Valid=It fits the observed phenomena
• Exhaustive= It explains all associated phenomena
• Elegant=It is succinct
• Parsimonious=It uses the least ideas to explain the most facts
• Exclusive=It does not overlap with other explanations
• Testable=Its essence or parts can be proved or disproved
• Predictive=It makes predictions about future observations
• Consistent= Its components do not contradict each other
• Flexible=It can easily be adapted with new information
• Explanatory=It serves to explain, not merely describe

Question 8

Testing Theories and Models

~Multiple ___ needed as a basis for evidence
~To establish a ___ relationship:
—Mere ___or __of variables is not sufficient.
—____ is needed. Repeatedly create and remove a condition to show that change occurs only with the variable being altered with that condition

Answer 8

~Multiple observations needed as a basis for evidence
~To establish a causal relationship:
—Mere correlation or association of variables is not sufficient.
—Manipulation is needed. Repeatedly create and remove a condition to show that change occurs only with the variable being altered with that condition

Question 9

Challenges to Stuttering Research

• Difficult to observe its ___ - how can we catch the first time it appears?
• Characteristics change with ___ – is it the same disorder?
• ___t occurrence – why are stuttering events and their conditions so variable?
• ____ limitations – is it moral to create conditions that may induce stuttering?

Answer 9

• Difficult to observe its onset - how can we catch the first time it appears?
• Characteristics change with age – is it the same disorder?
• Inconsistent occurrence – why are stuttering events and their conditions so variable?
• Ethical limitations – is it moral to create conditions that may induce stuttering?

Question 10

Stuttering is ___

Answer 10

variable!!!