Chapter 5 Flashcards
binaural cue
two-eared cue to localize sound
Gestalt psychology
field of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts
interaural level difference
sound coming from one side of the body is more intense at the closest ear because of the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through the head
interaural timing difference
small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear
Meissner’s corpuscle
touch receptor that responds to pressure and lower frequency vibrations
Ménière’s disease
results in a degeneration of inner ear structures that can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and an increase in pressure within the inner ear
neuropathic pain
pain from damage to neurons of either the peripheral or central nervous system
nociception
sensory signal indicating potential harm and maybe pain
Pacinian corpuscle
touch receptor that detects transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations
Ruffini corpuscle
touch receptor that detects stretch
sensorineural hearing loss
failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain
Sensation
a process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus
energy
Perception
a process of organizing and interpreting sensory information
Bottom-Up Processing
match stimuli to previous knowledge
Top-Down Processing
previous knowledge and experiences affect input
Transduction
Sensory receptors translate physical stimulation into neural signal
Threshold
Each system has a minimum amount of energy required to activate the system
Absolute threshold
minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time
subliminal stimuli
Stimuli that are detectable less than 50% of the time
just noticeable difference
minimum difference between two stimuli that a subject can detect 50% of the time
Weber’s Law
to perceive a difference between two stimuli, they must differ by a constant proportion
accommodation
change in shape of lens, focus on near objects
retina
light-sensitive, cones and rods, inner surface of eye
Cones
Color-vision, well-lit, center of retina
Rods
vision in low light, black, white gray, peripheral of retina
Opponent-Process Theory
One color activates the other deactivates
Place Theory
pitch is linked with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated
Temporal Theory
the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone
Proximity
group nearby figures
Similarity
group similar figures
Continuity
perceive continuous patterns
Closure
fill in gaps
Connectedness
see as unit when connected
binocular cue
both use of eyes
Interposition
object covering other is closer
Relative size
bigger is closer
Linear perspective
parallel lines converge in distance
relative height
closer to horizon is farther away
texture gradient
course to smooth texture indicate increasing distance
Perceptual set
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
