Chapter 2

Question 1

Positive Correlation

Answer 1

Variables change in same direction

Question 2

Negative Correlation

Answer 2

Variables change in opposite direction

Question 3

Independent Variable

Answer 3

Changed variable

Question 4

Dependent Variable

Answer 4

Measured variable

Question 5

Random Assignment

Answer 5

Random assignment to experimental or control group.

Question 6

Ethical Guidelines

Answer 6

Privacy, Confidentiality, Informed Consent, Protection from Harm

Question 7

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 7

Observation in a natural setting without interruption or control

Question 8

Case Study

Answer 8

In depth, one subject or few, no generalization

Question 9

Generalizability

Answer 9

Ability for a sample to generalize a population

Question 10

Sample

Answer 10

Part of the population/one of the group cases

Question 11

Population

Answer 11

All the group cases

Question 12

The Scientific Method

Answer 12

Observation, Theory, Hypothesis, Experiment, Results. Tweak, Keep, or Discard

Question 13

Research Methods

Answer 13

Descriptive, Correlational, Experimental

Question 14

Descriptive research

Answer 14

Describe what is occurring. Observational studies, Self-report, Case studies

Question 15

Correlational research

Answer 15

Test relationship between variables

Question 16

Experimental research

Answer 16

Investigate what causes an outcome

Question 17

Observational studies

Answer 17

Watch participant in natural environment

Question 18

Self-Reports

Answer 18

Surveys or interviews for information

Question 19

Third variable effect

Answer 19

A third variable may influence variable one and/or variable two

Question 20

Conducting an experiment

Answer 20

Random assignment, Experimental control, IV, DV

Question 21

Experimental control

Answer 21

Control of variables that could influence outside effects. Eliminate excess influence

Question 22

Control Group

Answer 22

Not exposed to IV

Question 23

Experimental Group

Answer 23

Exposed to IV

Question 24

Behavior

Answer 24

Observable Acts

Question 25

Mind

Answer 25

Thinking, Feeling, Remembering, Storing information

Question 26

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 26

Generalization –> Specific

Question 27

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 27

Specific –> Generalization

Question 28

Falsifiable

Answer 28

Capable of being shown incorrect

Question 29

Observer bias

Answer 29

Skew in observation to fit a narrative or goal. Effect in assessment accuracy due to the observer

Question 30

Archival Research

Answer 30

Looking at past experiments and data for research in patterns or relationship

Question 31

Longitudinal Research

Answer 31

Data-gathering repeated over along period of time. Long term more accurate

Question 32

Cross-sectional Research

Answer 32

Compare multiple segments of a population at the same time. Short term may lead to inaccuracy

Question 33

Confounding Variable

Answer 33

Similar to a third variable effect. Implies the correlation does not cause causation effect

Question 34

Illusory Correlations

Answer 34

False correlations/assumption in a relationship between two variables

Question 35

Experimenter bias

Answer 35

Researcher’s expectations skew results

Question 36

Double-blind

Answer 36

Both researchers and participants are blind to group assignment

Question 37

Placebo

Answer 37

Expectation leaks into actuality

Question 38

Reliability

Answer 38

Consistency to produce a given result

Question 39

Validity

Answer 39

The extent to which something can accurately measure what is supposed to

Question 40

IRB

Answer 40

Institutional Review Board. Committee that approves or rejects experiments that involve human subjects

Question 41

Informed Consent

Answer 41

Written description of what participants can expect

Question 42

Deception

Answer 42

Purposeful misleading of participants to maintain experimental integrity