Chapter 5 Flashcards
Manual communication
Consists of signs
Received and interpreted visually
Sender and receiver have to be familiar with same set of symbols
Visual info
More severe hearing loss, more dependent on visual info
Visual info can be transmitted by oral or manual communication
Visuals cues come from: - called lipreading, speech reading, visual hearing, etc.
Speakers mouth
Facial expressions
Hand movement
Speech reading involves:
Attempting to perceive speech by using visual cues to supplement auditory information
Factors related to successful speech reading
- Speaker
- Signal and code
- Environment
- Speechreader
Elements related to speaker in speech reading
- Speakers vary
- Performance improves with familiarity
- Speaker must use appropriate facial expressions and common gestures
- Within a 45 degree angle of listener and retain eye contact
- Slightly slower rate of speech but not exaggerated articulation
- Avoid chewing, smoking, yawning, hands near mouth, and sunglasses
- Females are easier to speechread
Signal and code effect on speech reading
Phonemes have distinctive features that enable listener to distinguish sounds
-voicing, nasality, affrication, duration, place of articulation
-shape of mouth is important for vowels
-place of articulation is important for consonants
What are homophones?
Words that look alike when spoken even though they sound different
Homophone are sounds that sound different but look alike
Nearly 50% of words are indistinguisable visually
What is a viseme
Distinguishable visual characteristics of speech sounds?
A group of phonemes that look alike when spoken
Under ideal conditions, about 33% of speech is visible
In a typical conversation, about 10-25% are visible
Where do majority of phonemes in a conversation occur?
Medial position
What creates predictability in conversational speech?
Linguistic redundancy
Where do speechreaders obtain most of their information?
From redundancy and linguistic rules
Short sentences are easier to speechread than long sentences
Components of environment in speech reading
0-45 degrees is the best angle
5-10 feet from the speaker
20 ft speechreading significantly declines
Auditory and visual distractions decrease speech reading ,differences in dialect, etc
Need adequate lighting
Speechreader factors that affect speechreading
Age
Gender
Intelligence
Personality
Visual acuity
Ways patients with hearing loss differ
Auditory sensitivity
Auditory perception abilities
Age of onset of HL
Site of lesion
Education and therapy
Age and speechreading
Proficiency develops and improves throughout childhood and early adulthood
Older people experience phonemic regression - sever inability to understand speech
Gender and speechreading
Adults females achieve higher speech reading scores than males - not significant
Intelligence and speechreading
IQ has no effect as long as it is not below the “low normal” range
Significantly low IQ will result in poor speechreading performance
Personality traits and speechreading
Highly motivated does better than not motivated
Visual acuity and speechreading
Major impact on success of speechreading
Even slight vision problems will affect speechreading scores
What is figure ground patterning
Involves an ability to focus on and perceive a target stimulus (figure) from a background or other stimuli (ground)
What is closure
Ability to piece together fragmented stimuli into meaningful messages - caries according
Assessment of speechreading ability
No universally accepted test
There are formal and informal
Need to rule out vision impairments
Traditional speechreading methods
Analytic approach - centered around progression from phonemes up to sentences
Synthetic approach - grasp general thought of speaker through intuitive thinking
Speechreading instruction for children
Auditory verbal approach - auditory abilities developed to the fullest
No formal speechreading, speechreading is prevented
Speechreading develops with acquisition of auditory and language
Holistic approach - focuses on the individual child
Great for cochlear implants
Principles of LSLS auditory - verbal therapy
See slide
Trends in speechreading for adults
If have severe hearing loss may consider, if progressive or if CI
Helpful right after implantation, but not long term
Long term usually consists of analytic and synthetic
May be visual only or visual and auditory
Individual or group - more common in group setting
Group AR sessions
Understanding hearing loss
Using ALDs
Using communication strategies and speechreading
Effective use of communication strategies and speechreading
Effective use of hearing aids
Benefits of computerized speech reading instruction
Variety of stimuli over short period of time
Patient’s responses are recorded within and between sessions - provides progress monitoring
View several talkers in same session - good for generalization
Patient determines pace of instruction
Types of manual communication
ASL
Signed English systems
Finger spelling
Cued speech
ASL
First form of manual communication
Independent of existing oral languages
Learn from professionals
4 physical characteristics: hand configuration, movement, location, orientation
Prosodic features: facial expressions, body movement, eye gaze, head tilts
Signed English Systems
Pidgin sign language (combo of ASL and English)
Used in educational settings to minimize differences b/w ASL and English
Developed because ASL children max out in literacy at 5th grade
Signed English Systems
Seeing essential English (SEE I)
Signed exact English (SEE II)
Linguistics of Visual English (LOVE)
Finger spelling
26 letters of English alphabet
Used to supplement all forms of manual communication by expressing proper names, technical terms and events that cannot be conveyed by signs
Cued speech
Use hand cues while talking to reduce confusion produced by speechreading homogenous phonemes
Makes speechreading more accurate and efficient
Four hand positions
Eight hand shapes near mouth
