Chapter 4 Flashcards
Communication model
Source/speaker
Message
Auditory feedback
Environment
Listener
Speaker in com model
Has to properly encode and articulate thought
Message in comm model
The actual thought to be expressed
Auditory stimuli organized in meaningful linguistic units
Includes visual and tactile cues
Auditory feedback in comm model
Provided to the speaker while producing speech
Auditory perception
Ability to communicate verbally with others
Depends on auditory perception of segmental and suprasegmental elements of speech
Segmental elements of speech
Phonemes
Suprasegmental elements of speech
Rate, rhythm , intonation
When does an infant begin perceiving auditory stimuli?
Several weeks before birth
This occurs while still in utero.
What is a newborn capable of regarding auditory stimuli?
Detecting auditory stimuli and gross discrimination between various auditory signals
This discrimination is based on frequency and intensity parameters.
Why is the rapid emergence of auditory skills important?
It is crucial for the development of speech processing abilities and the emergence of speech and language
This includes developing receptive vocabulary in the first year.
What happens to speech and language development without a normal functioning auditory system?
It will be seriously affected
Extensive exposure to auditory stimuli is also necessary.
Fill in the blank: A newborn’s ability to discriminate auditory signals is based on _______.
[frequency and intensity parameters]
True or False: An infant’s auditory system is non-functional before birth.
False
The infant possesses a functional auditory system in utero.
Review cards about different ages
Acoustics of speech
Intensity, frequency, temporal, transitional cues
Intensity parameters of speech
Vowels have more power - louder
Consonants are higher frequency and softer
Male voices are 3 dB greater than females
Vowels vs consonants in frequency parameters of speech
Vowels - low and mid frequency (most acoustic power)
Consonants - broader, high frequency - important in intelligibility
Segmental elements of speech
Voiced consonants - low and mid frequency
Unvoiced - mid and high frequency
All consonants have weaker intensity
Frequency characteristics
Duration of individual phonemes
Range from 20-400 sec
Vowels longer
Duration contributes toward speech perception
What are transitional cues a result of
Influence of coarticualtion of phonemes when combined into words and phrases
What does perception imply
Understanding and comprehension
What does perception of speech involve?
Detection
Discrimination
Identification
Attention
Memory
Closure
Comprehension
Detection
Beginning of perception
Influenced by:
Hearing sensitivity and how loud sound is
Discrimination
The ability to distinguish amount individual speech stimuli
Identification
Ability to identify or label what one has heard by pointing or naming
What does memory enable us to do?
Combine individual speech unit so to derive meaning from an entire verbal message
Closure
The ability to bring together perceived speech elements into a meaningful whole even when some cues are absent
Comprehension
Full perception and understanding of the meaning of an auditory message
Success in speech is related to:
Physical properties
Redundancy and noise
Physical properties
ONLY severe profound HL alters perception of vowels
Order of problems: final consonants, /s/, /p/, /k/, /d/, /th/, place of articulation, manner, nasality/voice, sloping audiogram configuration
Redundancy and speech perception and HL
Redundancy of speech relates to its predictability
Factors associated with redundancy
Syntactic, semantic, situational constraints
Syntax and redundancy
Knowing the rules of syntax allow for redundancy
Semantic constraints in redundancy
Limited vocab allows for less prediction
Situational constraints in redundancy
Conversational partner
Location of the conversation
Time of day
Noise and perception of speech
Reduces amount of information present for the listener to use
Types of noise:
Within the speaker
Within the communication environment
Within the listener
Noise within the speaker
Poor syntax
Abnormal articulation
Improper stress or inflection
Noise within the environment
Poor lighting
Competing visual
Competing auditory
Reverberation
Noise within the listener
Lack of familiarity with rules of language
Inability to id a topic
Poor listening skills
Carharts steps for auditory training for PRELINGUALLY deaf children
Develop awareness of sound
Development gross discriminations
“ of broad discrimination of speech
“ of finer discriminations
Encourage the use of vision in ALL steps
Carhart’s adult auditory training
Establish attitude of critical listening
Subtle difference among sounds
Analytic drill work - phonemes, phrases, sentences
Speech reading combined with hearining
Training sessions in: intense background noise, competing sepech signal, listening on the telephone
Use of HA or CI is vital
Current approaches to auditory training
Max comm potential by developing auditory channel (fit appropriate device, adjust, fit target)
Don’t normally do therapy for adults
Candidacy for auditory training
Children with prelingually SNHL
Moderate to profound degrees of HL with congenital onset
Child and adult patients
Adult patients with sever profound HL to facilitate more effective use of HA
Assessment of auditory skills
Before, during, end
Is program needed
Basis for comparison with post-therapy performance and to assess how much improvement
Identify specific areas of auditory perception to concentrate on in further sessions
Specific techniques for auditory testing vary according to:
Age of client
Language skills - second language, ASL, etc
Type and degree of HL
Variables that influence the degree of difficulty for auditory testing
Nature of the task
Open or closed set response format
Context presented
Level of vocab used in instruction
SNR (figure ground)
Use of formal and informal assessment
Evaluating adults for auditory training
WR with monosyllabic words at suprasegmental level
CID sentences and more tests. See lecture
Methods of auditory training
- Analytic
- Synthetic
- Pragmatic
- Electric
Analytic method of auditory training
Small percentage of training
Break speech into small components
Uses closed set response format
Synthetic method of auditory training
Global approach
Clues from words, phrases, sentences
Must be meaningful stimuli
Pragmatic method of auditory training
Training listener to control communication variables, SNR, requesting clarification
Quest?AR
Eclectic method of auditory training
Probably best solution
Combination of other auditory training strategies
See notes for types of therapy…starting with Erber
Through end of slides
What are anticipatory strategies
Ways to prepare listening for comm
Minimize distance to speaker
Optimize HA
Reducing competing signals
Use situation cues to anticipate topics and words
Repair strategies
Ask speaker to repeat
Ask speaker to rephrase/simplify
Ask follow up questions
Computerized auditory training
Caspersent
Cast
Lace
See slides for more info
