Chapter 5 Flashcards
Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another.
Racism
Institutional and cultural levels of racial discrimination create what is often called ___________ ______________.
Systemic racism.
Prejudice and discrimination based on a persons gender, or institutional and cultural practices tat promote the domination of one gender over another.
Sexism.
A belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics.
Sterotypes.
Negative feelings toward persons based on their membership in certain groups.
Prejudice.
Behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group.
Discrimination.
A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable and easy to rationalize.
Modern racism.
According to theories of ______________ _____________, many people are racially ambivalent. They want to see themselves as fair, but they still harbor feelings of anxiety and discomfort about others racial groups.
Modern racism.
Racism that concerns the ambivalence between fair minded attitudes and beliefs on the one hand and unconconcious and unrecognized prejudicial feelings and beliefs on the other.
Aversive racism.
________________ characterize the everyday, typically subtle but hurtful forms of discrimination that are experienced frequently by members of targeted groups.
Microaggressions.
People establish their __________ _____________ of not being racist by demonstrating - to others or even to themselves - that they have good friends from the racial or ethnic group in question or have behaved in ways that were quite fair to members of this group.
Moral credentials.
Racism tat operates unconciously and unintentionally.
Implicit racism.
_________________ _________________ ________________ (IAT) measures two concepts. The implicit racism toward African Americans by comparing how quickly participants associate African American cues with negative or positive concepts compared to how quickly they associate European American cues with these same concept.
Implicit Association Test.
True/ False: Children do not tend to show biases based on race; it is only after they become adolescents that they learn to respond to people differently based on race.
False.
____________________ ; thoughts about the outgroups sterotypes about them, and worry about being as consistent with these stereotypes.
Metastereotypes.
The goal of many white people when interacting with racial minorities is to be perceived as ______________ and _____________, whereas the goal for many racial minorities is to be perceived as _______________ and ___________.
likable and warm.
Competent and respected.
True/ False: Interracial interactions tend to go better and to reduce the perceptions of racisms if a color clind mentality is used, which denies or minimizes any acknowledgement of racial differences.
False.
A form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs and feelings and affectionate and chivalrous but potentially patronizing beliefs and feelings.
Ambivalent sexism.
Ambivalent sexism consists of two elements - what are they?
Hostile Sexism.
Benovolent sexism.
This type of sexism is characterized by negative, resentful feelings about women’s abilities, value, and challenge to men’s power.
Hostile sexism.
This type of sexism is characterized by affectionate, chivalrous feelings founded on the potentially patronizing belief that women need and deserve protection.
Benevolent sexism.
True/ False: People from countries with the greatest degree of economic and political inequality between the sexes tended to exhibit the most hostile and benevolent sexism .
True.
Being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic.
Stigmatized.
The experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one’s group.
Stereotype threat.
These threats are not necessarily tied to specific stereotypes but instead reflect a more general devaluaing of a persons social group.
Social identity threat.
True/ False: An african american student is likely to perform worse on an athletic task if the task is described as one reflecting sports intelligence than if it is described as reflecting natural athletic ability.
True.
The classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes.
Social categorization
True/ False: Each of us is a member of multuiple social categories, but some categorizations - particularly involving race, gender, and age - are more likely to quickly dominate our perceptions than others.
True.
Biologists, athropologists, and psychologists note that there is more genetic variation _____________ races than _____________ them and emphasize that race is more of a social conception then a genetic reality.
Within; between.
Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity.
Ingroups.
Groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity.
Outgroup.
The tendency to assume that there is a greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups.
Outgroup homogeneity effect.
This term is used to describe the sense of “oneness” that people may feel with a group.
Identitiy fusion.
True/ False: Being reminded of one’s own mortality makes people put things into greater perspective, thereby tending to reduce ingroup/outgroup distinctions and hostilities.
False.
The theory that people cope with the feat of their own death by constructing worldviews that help preserve their important values.
Terror management theory.
A desire to see one’s ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over others groups.
Social dominance orientation.
A theory that proposes that people are motivated (at least in part) to defend and justify the existing social, political, and economic conditions.
System justification theory.
A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups.
Superordinate goals.
The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources.
Realistic conflict theory.
Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others.
Relative deprivation.
Groups in which people are categorized on the basis of trivial minimally important similarities.
Minimal groups.
The tendenct to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups.
Ingroup favoritism.
The theory that people favor ingroups over outgroups in order to enhance their self esteem.
Social identitiy theory.
According to social identitiy theory, each of us strives to enhance our self esteem, which has two components - what are they?
- Personal identity.
- Collective or social identities.
German word for the experience of pleasure at other people’s misfortunes, particularly for celebrities or others we don’t feel empathy for.
Schadenfreude.
Two basic predication arose from social identity theory - what are they?
- Threats to one’s self esteem heighten the need for ingrooup favoritism.
- Expressions of ingroup favoritism enhance one’s self esteem.
Refers to the processes by which people learn the norms, rules, and information of a culture or group.
Socialization.
The theory that small gender difference are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women.
Social role theory.
A model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence of warmth.
Stereotype content model.
The stereotype content model proposes that stereotypes about the competence of a group are influenced by the relative ______________ of that group in society. Higher _____________ is associated with higher competence.
Status.
Stereotypes about the warmth of a group are influenced by perceived _________________ with the group - greater perceived ____________ is associated with lower warmth.
Competition.
What is the fundementla effect of stereotyping?
Stereotypes of groups influence people’s perceptions and interpretations of the behaviour of group members.
An overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated.
Illusory correlation.
Stereotypes can be reinforced also through the ____________ _______________ , a tendency for people to overestimate the link between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated.
Illusory correlation.
Occurs when a perceiver’s false expectations about a person cause the person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations.
Self fulfilling prophecy.
True/ False: People’s very quick judgement are not influenced by a stereotype unless they actually believe the stereotype to be true.
False.
A method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them.
Subliminal presentations.
The theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions.
Contact hypothesis.
Four condtions are deemed ideal for intergroups contact to serve as a treatment for racism - what are they?
- Equal status.
- Personal interaction.
- Cooperative activities.
- Social norms.
Contact hypothesis; the contact should occur in circumstances that give the two groups equal status.
Equal status.
Contact hypothesis; the contact should involve one on one interactions among individual members of the two groups.
Personal interaction.
Contact hypothesis; MEmbers of the two groups should joining together in an effort to achieve superordinate goals.
Cooperative activities.
Contact hypothesis; The social norms, defined in part by relevant authorities, should favor intergroup contact.
Social norms.
Knowing that aningroup friend has a good and close relationship with a member of an outgroup can produce positive intergroup benefits in ways similar to direct contact.
Extended contact effect.
A cooperative learaning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts.
Jigsaw classroom.
According to ______________________ model, internally motivated individuals in particular may learn to control their prejudices more effectively over time.
Self regulation of prejudiced responses model.
