Chapter 3 Flashcards
The process of predicting how one would feel in response to future emotional events.
Affective forecasting.
To increase self esteem by associating with others who are successful.
Bask in reflected glory (BIRG)
An eastern system of thought that accepts the coexistence of contradictory characterisitcs within a single person.
Dialecticism.
The defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we ae.
Downward social comparisons.
The hypothesis that changes in facial expression can lead to corresponding changes in emoion.
Facila feedback hypothesis.
A nonconcious form of self-enhancement.
Implicit egotism.
The tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activites that have become associated with rewaard or other extrinsic factors.
Overjustification effect.
A personality characteristic of individuals who are introspecive, often attending to their own inner states.
Private self conciousness.
A personality characteristic of individuals who focus on themselces as social objects as seen by others.
Public self conciousness.
The thoery that self focused attention leads people to notice self discrepancies, hereby motivating either an ecape from self awareness or a change in behavior.
Self awareness theory.
The sum total of individuals beliefs about his or her own personal tributes.
Self concept.
An affective component of the self, consisting of a persons positive and negative self evaluations.
Self esteem.
Behaviours designed to sabotage one’s own performance in order to provide a subsequent excuse for failure.
Self hadicapping.
The tendency to change behavior in response to the self presentation concerns of the situation.
Self monitoring.
The theory that when internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain self insight by observing their own behavior.
Self perception theory.
Strategies people use to shape what others think of them.
Self presentation.
he process by which people control their thoughts, feelings, or behavior in order to achieve a personal or social goal.
Self regulation.
A belief people hold about themselves that guides the processing of self relevant information.
Self schemas.
The theory that people evaluate their own abilities an opinions by comparing themselves to others.
Social comparison theory.
The theory that self esteem is a guage that monitors our social interactions and sends us signals as the whether our behaviour is acceptable to others.
Sociometer theory.
he theory that humans cope with the fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help to preserve their self esteem.
Terror management theory.
The theory that the experience of emotion is based on two factors: physiological arousal and a cogntiive interpretation of that arousal.
Two factor theory of emotion.
What are the ABC’s of self?
A - Affect
B - Behavior
C - Cognition
The tendency of people to pick a personally relevant stimulus, like a nme, out of a complex and noisy environment.
Cocktail party effect.
Men and women who regard themselves as overweight o underweight or for whom body image is a conspicuous aspect of the self-concept ae considered __________________ with respect to weight. In contrast, those who do not regard their own weight as exreme or as an important part of their lives are ____________________ on that attribute.
Schematic. Aschematic.
True/ False: Not all aspects of the self are housed in a single structure of the brain. However, the bulk of research does seem to suggest that various self based processes can be traced to activities occuring in certain areas.
True.
True/ False: Humans are the only animals who recognize themselves in the mirror.
False, great apes and elephants recognize themselves.
Self knowledge is derived from ___________________, a looking inward at one’s own thoughts and feelings.
Introspection.
It is consistently found that people overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions, a phenomenon they call the ____________________.
Impact bias.
here are two possible reasons for the impact bias in affective forecasting. What are they?
- When it comes to negative life events - people do not fully appreciate the extent to which our psychological coping mechanisms help us to cushion the blow.
- For overestimates is that when we introspect about the meotional impact on us of a future event, we become so focused on that single event that we neglect to account for other life experiences.
What did Daryl Bem propose about behaviour?
That people can learn about themselves the same way outside observers do - by watching their own behaviour.
What was Daryl Bem’s theory called?
Self perception theory.
True/ False: Smiling can make you feel happier.
True.
_____________ ______________ originates in factors within a person. People are said to be _________________ ________________ when they engage in an activity for the sake of their own interest, the challenge, or sheer enjoyment.
Intrinsically motivated.
______________ _________________ originates in factors outside the person. People are said to be ___________________ __________________ when hey engage in an activity as a means to an end for tangible benefits.
Extrinsic motivation.
True/ False: Changing someonees social surroundings, and it will have little to no effect on that person’s spontaneous self description.
False, it will change it.
Who came up with social comparison theory?
Leon Festinger.
What are the two main reasons why Facebook usage may undermine a persons well being?
- There is a link between facebook usage and self evaluation depending on whom we compare ourselves to.
- People tend to portray themselves in overly flattering ways, which increases the likliehood that the social comparisons we make are not personally favourable.
“Misery doesn’t just love any kind of company; it loves only _____________ _______________.”
Miserable company.
You would have no coherent self concept without ____________________ _____________________ - the recollections of the sequences of events that have touched your life.
Autobiographical memories.
Roger Brown and James Kulik coine the term ______________ ______________ to descibe these enduring, detailed, high resolution recollections and speculated that humans are biologically equipped for survival purposes to “print” dramatic events in memory.
Flashbulb memories.
Defined as a sentimental longing for the past - is common and universal.
Nostalgia.
According to Markus and Connor, culture is made up of four I’s - what are they?
Ideas, institutions, social interactions, and individuals.
Individuals influencing interactions influencing institutions influencing ideas is considered what cycle?
Culture cycle.
Latino cultures prize the concept of __________________, which emphasizes expressive displays of personable charm, graciousness, and hospitality.
Simpatico.
The word “esteem” comes for the Latin ________________, which means to “estimate or appriase.”
Aestimere.
_____________ ______________, proposed by Mark Leary and Roy Baumister, maintains that people are inherintly social animals and that the desire for self eseem is driven by a more primitive need to connect with others and gain their approval.
Sociomotor theory.
True/ False: According to E. Tory Higgins, out self exteem is defined by the match or mismatch between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves.
True.
Studying what he called ____________ _____________, Daniel Wegner found that at times, the harder you try to inhibit a thought, feeling, or behaviour, the less likely you are to succeed.
Ironic processes.
On ocassion, people make excuses for past performance. Sometimes we come up with excuses in anticipation of _____________ ____________.
Future performance.
True/ False: On assumed “benefit” of procrastination is that it helps to provide an excuse for possible failure.
Trrue
True/ False: People with not often sabotage their own performance in order to protect their self esteem.
False, they will.
Yet another pardoxical tactic usedd to reduce performance pressure is for people to play down their own ability, lower expectations, and publicly redirect that theey will fail - a self presetation strategy called ______________.
Sandbagging.
Although festinger never addressed the issue, Anne Wilson and Michael Ross note that in addition to making social comparisons between ourselves and similat others, we make _____________ comparisons between out past and present selves.
Temporal.
_________________ _____________, a tendency to believe that the social spotlight shines more brightly on them than it really does.
Spotlight effect.
_____________ __________________ consistes of ou efforts to shape others impression in specific ways in order to gain influence, power, sympathy, and approval.
Strategic self presentation.
___________________, a term used to describe acts that are motivated by the desire to “get along” with other a be liked.
Ingratiation.
______________ __________________, a term used to describe acts thaat are motivated by a desire to “get ahead” and gain respect for one’s competence.
Self promotion .
The desire to have other perceive us as we truly perceive ourselves.
Self verification.
True/ False: It’s more adaptive to alter one’s behavior than to stay consistent from one social situation to the next.
False.
