Chapter 2 Flashcards
Research whose goal is to make applications to the world and contribute to the solution of social problems.
Applied Research
Research whose goal is to increase the understanding of human behavior, often by testing hypotheses based on a theory.
Basic research
A procedure in which research participants are (falsely) led to believe that their responses will be verified by an infallible lie detector.
Bogus pipeline technique.
Accomplice of an experimenter who, in dealing with the real participants in an experiment, acts as if he or she is also a participant.
Confederates .
A factor other tahn the independent variable that varies between the conditions of an experiment, thereby calling into question what cause any effects on the dependent variable.
Confound.
The extent to which the measures used in a study measure the variable they were desinged to measure and the manipulations in an experiment manipulate the variables they were designed to manipulate.
Construct validity.
A statistical measure of the strength and direction of the association between two variables.
Correlation coefficients.
Researfch designed to measure the association between variables that are not manipulated by the researcher.
Correlational research
A disclosure, made to participants after research procedures are complted, in which the researcher explains the purpose of the research, attempts to resolve any negative feelings, and emphasizes the scientific contribtuion made by the participants’ involvement.
Debriefing.
In the context of research, a method that provides false information to participants.
Deception.
In an experiment, a factor that experimenters measure to see if it is affected by the independent variable.
Dependent variables.
A form of research that can demonstrate causal relationships because (1) the experimenter has control over the events that occur and (2) participants are randomly assigned to conditions.
Experiment.
The degree to which experimental procedures are involving to participants and lead them to behave naturally and spontaneously.
Experimental realism.
The effects produced when an experimenter’s expectations about the results of an experiment affect his or her behavior toward a participant and therby influence the participants response.
Experimenter expectancy effect.
The degree to which there can be reasonable confidence that the results of a study would be obtained for other people and in other situations.
External validity.
A testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur.
Hypothesis.
In an experiment, a factor that experimenters manipualte to see if it affects teh dependent variable.
Independent variables.
An individuals deliberate, voluntary decision to participate in research, based on the researchers description of what will be required during such participation.
Informed consent.
The degree to which there can be reasonable certainty that the independent variables in an experiment caused the effects obtained on the dependent variables.
Internal validity.
The degree to which different observers agree on their observations.
Interrater reliability.
A set of statistical procedures used to review a body of evidence by combining the results of individual studies to measute the overall reliability and strength of particular effects.
Meta Analysis.
The degree to which the experimental situation resembles places and events in the real world.
Mundane realism.
The specific procedures for manipulatin or measuring a conceptual variable.
Operational definition.
The practice of researchers reporting their research design, predictions, and plans for data anayses before conducting their study.
Preregistration.
A method of assigning particpants to the various conditions of an experiment so that each participant in the experiment has an equal chance of being in any of the conditions.
Random assignment.
A method of selecting participants for a study so that everyone in a population has an equal chance of being in the study.
Random sampling.
Repeating a research study to see if the results are similar to those found in the original study.
Replication.
A variable that characterizes preexisting difference among the particpants in a study.
Subject variables.
An organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena.
Theory.
What is the first stage of research?
Coming up with ideas.
What two things does construct validity refer to?
- The manipulations in an experiment really manipulate the conceptual variables they were designed to manipulate.
- The measures in a study really measure the conceptual variables they were designed to measure.
Social psychologists measure variables in many ways, what two categories are these most placed into?
Self report and observations.
Reports in which participants disclose theigh thoughts, feelings, desires, and actions?
Self reports.
This measure consistently measures an individuals overall self esteem?
Rosenberg self esteem scale.
Self reports, in which respondents report their experiences at regular intervals, usually once per dat.
Interval contingent self report.
Self reports in which respondents report their experiences as soon as possible after being signaled to do so?
Signal contingent self reports.
Self reports in which respondents report ona designated set of events as soon as possible after such events have occurred?
Event contingent self reports.
___________________ ___________________ involves examining existing records of past events and behaviors, such as newspaper articles, medical records, tweets or retweets in twitter, sports statistics, profiles on dating apps, crime statistics, and hits on a website.
Archival research.
True/ False: A correlation can demonstrate a cause and effect relationship?
False, it cannot, correlation does not mean causation.
Experiments share two essential characteristics, what are they?
- The researcher has control over the experimental procedures, manipulating the variables of interest while ensuring uniformity elsewhere.
- Participants are randomly assigned to the different manipulations (called conditions) included in the experiment.
________________ _________________ concerns how individuals are selected to be in a study.
Random sampling.
________________ ________________ concerns not who is selected to be in the study, but rather, how participants in the study are assigned to different conditions.
Random Assignment.
The standard convention is that is the statistical analyses indicate that the results could have occurred by chances fewer then 5 times in 100 possible outcomes, then the result is considered ___________________ ___________________ and should be taken seriously
Statistically significant.
True/ False: In assessing internal validity, researchers need to consider their own role as well. Unwittingly, they can sometimes sabotage their own research.
True.
What is one strength of using deception in experimental research?
It allows the experimenter to create situations in the laboratory that would be difficult to find in a natural setting.
The American Psychological Association requires psychologists to follow the _____________________________, which considers a wide range of ethical issues, including those related to research procedures and practices.
Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct.
The goal os basic research is to increase….?
Understanding of human behavior.
The goal of appliead research is to….?
Make applications to the world and contribute to the solutions of social problems.
The construct validity of a study is the….?
extent to which the variables were operationalized well.
