Chapter 5

Question 1

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 1

How natural selection predisposes us to certain psychological traits.

Question 2

Natural selection

Answer 2

The process through which the individuals best at surviving pass on their genes.

Question 3

Sex

Answer 3

Two biological categories (male and female) based on chromosomes, genitals, and secondary sex characteristics.

Question 4

Gender

Answer 4

Traits that are culturally associated with a particular sex.

Question 5

Gender roles

Answer 5

The expected roles of a gender (and corresponding sex).

Question 6

Transgender

Answer 6

People whose sense of being male or female differs from their sex.

Question 7

Hormones

Answer 7

Brain chemicals (testosterone, estrogen) which affect sexual development and influence personality traits throughout the lifetime.

Question 8

Cultural influences

Answer 8

Cultural differences may account for many of the most apparent differences between men and women. (ex: mode of speaking, or marriage traditions etc.)

Question 9

Norms

Answer 9

Social expectations for behavior. (ex: Men do or don’t hold hands, depending on the culture).

Question 10

Peer influence

Answer 10

Most variability in personality is caused by peer influence. (The influence of those you spend the most time around).

Question 11

Socialization

Answer 11

The way that one learns to behave and interact over the course of many social interactions.

Question 12

Independence vs connectedness

Answer 12

Women are more likely to describe themselves in terms of their relationships (more connectedness) while men are more likely to describe themselves with specific activities or ideas (more independence).

Question 13

Gender differences in:
Dominance

Answer 13

Men and boys are more likely to behave dominantly (Testosterone). They dominate politics, and are seen as dominant by others. Leaders are perceived as culturally masculine.

Question 14

Gender differences in: Aggression

Answer 14

Men and boys are more likely to be aggressive. (Testosterone).

Question 15

Gender differences in: Independence vs connectedness

Answer 15

Women are more likely to seek connection with others actively than men, who may favor independence.

Question 16

Gender differences in: Sexual behavior

Answer 16

Men have stronger sex drives (think about sex more) and masturbate more often. Women prefer men who are likely to stay and care for offspring.