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Chemistry ✦ (Form 4) > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are noble gases stable?

A

A: Noble gases are stable because they have a stable duplet (for Helium) or octet electron arrangement in their valence shell.

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2
Q

Why are noble gases chemically non-reactive?

A

A: Noble gases are non-reactive because their stable electron arrangements make them chemically inert, as they do not need to gain, lose, or share electrons

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3
Q

What is a chemical bond?

A

A: A chemical bond is formed when electrons are transferred or shared between atoms to achieve a stable electron configuration.

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4
Q

What are the two main types of chemical bonds?

A

A: The two main types of chemical bonds are ionic bonds and covalent bonds.

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5
Q

What happens in an ionic bond?

A

A: In an ionic bond, one atom donates electrons, and another atom receives those electrons, forming oppositely charged ion

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6
Q

What happens in a covalent bond?

A

A: In a covalent bond, atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to achieve a stable electron arrangement.

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7
Q

Why are elements in Group 1 reactive?

A

A: Elements in Group 1 have only one valence electron, making them reactive as they seek to lose this electron to achieve a stable electron arrangement.

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8
Q

Why are elements in Group 17 reactive?

A

A: Elements in Group 17 have seven valence electrons and need one more electron to achieve a stable octet, making them highly reactive.

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9
Q

What is the role of valence electrons in bond formation?

A

A: The formation of chemical bonds only involves the transfer or sharing of valence electrons between atoms.

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10
Q

What type of bond involves the donation or receiving of electrons?

A

A: An ionic bond

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11
Q

What type of bond involves the sharing of electrons?

A

A: A covalent bond

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12
Q

What is the result of an ionic bond?

A

A: The result of an ionic bond is the formation of positively and negatively charged ions that are attracted to each other due to electrostatic forces.

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13
Q

How does a covalent bond help atoms achieve stability?

A

A: A covalent bond helps atoms achieve stability by allowing them to share electrons, thus completing their outer electron shell (duplet or octet).

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14
Q

Why do Group 1 and Group 17 elements form bonds with each other?

A

A: Group 1 elements form bonds with Group 17 elements because Group 1 wants to lose its single valence electron, while Group 17 wants to gain one electron, leading to the formation of ionic bonds.

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15
Q

How is an ion formed?

A

A: An ion is formed by the transfer of electrons between a metal atom and a non-metal atom.

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16
Q

What happens to an atom when it becomes an ion?

A

A: An atom becomes an ion when it donates or receives electrons, resulting in a charge imbalance between protons and electrons.

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17
Q

What is a positive ion also called?

A

A: A positive ion is also called a cation.

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18
Q

What is a negative ion also called?

A

A: A negative ion is also called an anion.

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19
Q

What happens when a positive ion (cation) and a negative ion (anion) react?

A

A: When a positive ion (cation) and a negative ion (anion) react, they form an ionic bond due to the electrostatic attraction between the oppositely charged ions.

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20
Q

Which elements typically form positive ions?

A

A: Metals, typically from Groups 1, 2, and 13, form positive ions.

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21
Q

Which elements typically form negative ions?

A

A: Non-metals typically form negative ions.

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22
Q

What is an example of an ionic compound?

A

A: Sodium chloride (NaCl)

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23
Q

What holds the sodium and chloride ions together in sodium chloride (NaCl)?

A

A: The electrostatic force of attraction between the positively charged sodium ion (Na⁺) and the negatively charged chloride ion (Cl⁻) holds them together in an ionic bond.

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24
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A: A covalent bond is formed when two non-metal atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron arrangement.

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25
Q

Which elements form covalent bonds?

A

A: Covalent bonds are formed by non-metals, typically from groups 14, 15, 16, and 17 of the periodic table.

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26
Q

Can a covalent bond form between the same atoms?

A

A: Yes, covalent bonds can form between the same atoms or different atoms.

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27
Q

What is a single covalent bond?

A

A: A single covalent bond is formed when one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms.

28
Q

What is a double covalent bond?

A

A: A double covalent bond is formed when two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.

29
Q

What is a triple covalent bond?

A

A: A triple covalent bond is formed when three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.

30
Q

Single covalent bond example

A

H₂O (water).

31
Q

Double covalent bonds example

A

O₂ (oxygen).

32
Q

Triple covalent bond example

A

N₂ (nitrogen).

33
Q

What is a key similarity between ionic bonds and covalent bonds?

A

A: Both types of bonds involve the valence electrons of atoms and result in stable electron arrangements.

34
Q

What is the main difference between ionic and covalent bonds?

A

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons
Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons.

35
Q

What type of atoms form ionic bonds?

What type of atoms form covalent bonds?

A

A: Ionic bonds form between metal atoms and non-metal atoms.

A: Covalent bonds form between non-metal atoms.

36
Q

What does an ionic bond form?

What does a covalent bond form?

A

A: An ionic bond forms a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion.

A: A covalent bond forms a molecule, where the atoms are bound by shared electrons

37
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Hydrogen bonds are attraction forces between hydrogen atom that has bonded with an atom of high electronegativity,
N O F

38
Q

What types of atoms typically form hydrogen bonds with hydrogen atoms?

A

A: Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), and Fluorine (F)

39
Q

How do hydrogen bonds form between water molecules?

A

Hydrogen in one water molecule bonds with oxygen in another water molecule.

40
Q

How do hydrogen bonds affect hair?

A

Hydrogen bonds between protein molecules in hair contribute to the hair structure. When hair is wet, water molecules form hydrogen bonds with hair proteins, causing the hair to stick together.

41
Q

What happens when hair gets wet?

A

A: When hair is wet, the hydrogen bonds between protein molecules in the hair are replaced by hydrogen bonds between water molecules and protein molecules, causing the hair to stick together.

42
Q

How do hydrogen bonds affect the boiling point of substances?

A

A: Strong hydrogen bonds require more heat energy to break. Therefore, substances with hydrogen bonds, like ethanol (C₂H₅OH), have higher boiling points than substances without hydrogen bonds.

43
Q

Why does ethanol have a higher boiling point than chlorine (Cl₂)?

A

A: Ethanol has hydrogen bonds between its molecules, requiring more energy to break them, whereas chlorine lacks hydrogen bonds and has a lower boiling point.

44
Q

Why is ethanol soluble in water?

A

A: Ethanol is soluble in water because hydrogen bonds form between the ethanol molecules and water molecules, allowing the ethanol to dissolve.

45
Q

Some covalent compounds are soluble in water…

A

Because the formation of Hydrogen bonds between the covalent compunds and water.

46
Q

Definition of Dative Bond or Coordinate Bond

A

Is a type of covalent bond where the electron pair that is shared comes from one atom only.

47
Q

How does the formation of a dative bond occur in the hydronium ion (H₃O⁺)?

A

A: The lone pair of electrons on the oxygen atom of H₂O is shared with a hydrogen ion (H⁺) to form a dative bond, resulting in the hydronium ion (H₃O⁺).

48
Q

How are metal atoms arranged in the solid state?

A

A: Metal atoms are closely packed and orderly arranged in the solid state.

49
Q

What happens to the valence electrons in metal atoms?

A

A: The valence electrons of metal atoms are easily donated and delocalized, allowing them to move freely between metal ions, forming a “sea of electrons.”

50
Q

What is formed when valence electrons are delocalized in metals?

A

A: When valence electrons are delocalized, positively charged metal ions are formed, and the electrostatic attraction between the sea of electrons and the metal ions forms the metallic bond.

51
Q

Why can metals conduct electricity?

A

A: Metals can conduct electricity because their delocalized electrons move freely between the metal ions, allowing them to carry charges when electricity is supplied.

52
Q

How does electron flow work in metal conductors?

A

A: In a metal conductor, electrons flow from the negative terminal to the positive terminal, carrying electric charge through the metal structure.

53
Q

What is the role of delocalized electrons in conductivity?

A

A: Delocalized electrons in metals allow them to carry electrical charge, facilitating the conduction of electricity.

54
Q

What is a key property of ionic bonds?

What is a key property of covalent compounds?

A

A: Ionic bonds are strong due to electrostatic forces, and the ions are arranged orderly.

A: Covalent compounds consist of simple molecules with weak intermolecular forces.

55
Q

What is the volatility of ionic compounds compared to covalent compounds?

A

A: Ionic compounds are non-volatile, while covalent compounds are volatile and can change to vapor when heated.

56
Q

How do ionic and covalent compounds differ in electrical conductivity?

A

A: Ionic compounds conduct electricity in molten or aqueous states, while covalent compounds do not conduct electricity.

57
Q

How do ionic and covalent compounds differ in solubility?

A

Ionic compounds are soluble in water and polar solvents but insoluble in organic solvents.

Covalent compounds are soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in water.

58
Q

What is the difference between the melting and boiling points of ionic and covalent compounds?

A

Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points
Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points.

59
Q

What is the structure of a simple molecular compound like water (H₂O)?

A

Simple molecular compounds have small and simple structures and can exist as solids, liquids, or gases.

60
Q

What is the structure of a giant molecular compound like silicon dioxide (SiO₂)?

A

Giant molecular compounds have very large structures and usually exist as solids

61
Q

How do the melting and boiling points compare between simple molecular and giant molecular compounds?

A

Simple molecular compounds have low melting and boiling points due to weak intermolecular forces

Giant molecular compounds have high melting and boiling points due to strong covalent bonds

62
Q

What is lithium iodide (LiI) used for?

A

A: Lithium iodide is used in batteries.

63
Q

What is ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) used for?

A

A: Ammonium nitrate is used in fertilizers.

64
Q

What is sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) used for?

A

A: Sodium bicarbonate is used to relieve gastric pain.

65
Q

What is sodium chlorate (NaClO₃) used for?

A

A: Sodium chlorate is used in detergents for domestic cleaning.

66
Q

What covalent compounds are found in paint?

A

A: Paint contains covalent compounds such as pigments and turpentine solvent.

67
Q

What covalent compounds are found in pesticides?

A

A: Pesticides contain covalent compounds such as bromoethane n chloropicrin

Chemistry ✦ (Form 4) (11 decks)

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