Chapter 5 Flashcards
head of a phrase
The semantically most important word; just the heads would make a meaningful sentence
functions
Subject, predicator and subject attribute; the roles constituents play in the sentence
realizations
Noun phrase and verb phrase; the form the constituents have
nouns
Name things and persons
proper nouns
Names for a particular person or thing
common nouns
Refer to things by their general name
concrete nouns
Refer to things that are tangible
abstract nouns
Refer to things that are not tangible or to processes
count nouns
Refer to things that are clearly ‘bounded’ or are seen as separate things
non-count (mass) nouns
Refer to things that consist of a whole group of separate items that are not seen as clearly separate things but as a whole or to things that do not have clear boundaries
verbs
Denote processes, actions, or states, can range from very abstract to concrete
adjectives
Modify (say something about) a noun; either name an inherent attribute or thing, or tell what kind of thing it is
prototypical adjectives
Can occur in comparative forms like big, bigger, biggest
adverbs
Can have different functions; either describing ‘when’ or ‘where’ an event or situation is taking place, modifying one word in a phrase, modify a whole statement or introduce a question
conjunctive/sentence adverb
Express the logical relationship between main clauses or sentences
interrogative adverb
Introduces a dependent question
relative adverb
Modifying clause
personal pronoun
Independent, refer to people or things
possesive pronoun
Dependent (my, your, his, its, her, our, their) or independent (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs), express ‘ownership’
relative pronoun
(Who, whom, whose, which, that), have a double funtion; refer to a person or thing and introduce a dependent clause. In this clause, they function as a constituent. Whose is the only dependent pronoun
interrogative pronoun
Introduce questions, dependent or independent, may also be used as subordinators to introduce dependent clauses
demonstrative pronoun
(This, that, these, those), have a ‘pointing’ sense, dependent or independent
reflexive pronoun
Personal or possesive pronoun followed by -self or -selves, independent
reciprocal pronoun
Each other and one another, independent
indefinite pronoun
Begin with some, every, no, any, end in person, body, thing, independent
so
Unnamed type of pronoun, independent, usually refers to a whole event
numerals
Refer to number, independent or dependent
cardinal numerals
Name the number
ordinal numerals
Show the order
connectors
Words that ‘link’
coordinators
Link two equal parts
conjunction
Either correlative or coordinate, reserved for connectors that have no function within the clause they introduce
subordinators
Introduce a dependent clause; can introduce clauses functioning as sentence constituent, clauses modifying a noun, or clauses funtioning as adverbial
prepositions
Are very similar to subordinators, introduce dependent noun phrases, when put in front of a noun phrase, it changes into a prepositional phrase
interjections
Words that are literally interjected into a sentence, do not have a function, but express the speaker’s attitude towards something
