Chapter 5

Question 1

head of a phrase

Answer 1

The semantically most important word; just the heads would make a meaningful sentence

Question 2

functions

Answer 2

Subject, predicator and subject attribute; the roles constituents play in the sentence

Question 3

realizations

Answer 3

Noun phrase and verb phrase; the form the constituents have

Question 4

nouns

Answer 4

Name things and persons

Question 5

proper nouns

Answer 5

Names for a particular person or thing

Question 6

common nouns

Answer 6

Refer to things by their general name

Question 7

concrete nouns

Answer 7

Refer to things that are tangible

Question 8

abstract nouns

Answer 8

Refer to things that are not tangible or to processes

Question 9

count nouns

Answer 9

Refer to things that are clearly ‘bounded’ or are seen as separate things

Question 10

non-count (mass) nouns

Answer 10

Refer to things that consist of a whole group of separate items that are not seen as clearly separate things but as a whole or to things that do not have clear boundaries

Question 11

verbs

Answer 11

Denote processes, actions, or states, can range from very abstract to concrete

Question 12

adjectives

Answer 12

Modify (say something about) a noun; either name an inherent attribute or thing, or tell what kind of thing it is

Question 13

prototypical adjectives

Answer 13

Can occur in comparative forms like big, bigger, biggest

Question 14

adverbs

Answer 14

Can have different functions; either describing ‘when’ or ‘where’ an event or situation is taking place, modifying one word in a phrase, modify a whole statement or introduce a question

Question 15

conjunctive/sentence adverb

Answer 15

Express the logical relationship between main clauses or sentences

Question 16

interrogative adverb

Answer 16

Introduces a dependent question

Question 17

relative adverb

Answer 17

Modifying clause

Question 18

personal pronoun

Answer 18

Independent, refer to people or things

Question 19

possesive pronoun

Answer 19

Dependent (my, your, his, its, her, our, their) or independent (mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs), express ‘ownership’

Question 20

relative pronoun

Answer 20

(Who, whom, whose, which, that), have a double funtion; refer to a person or thing and introduce a dependent clause. In this clause, they function as a constituent. Whose is the only dependent pronoun

Question 21

interrogative pronoun

Answer 21

Introduce questions, dependent or independent, may also be used as subordinators to introduce dependent clauses

Question 22

demonstrative pronoun

Answer 22

(This, that, these, those), have a ‘pointing’ sense, dependent or independent

Question 23

reflexive pronoun

Answer 23

Personal or possesive pronoun followed by -self or -selves, independent

Question 24

reciprocal pronoun

Answer 24

Each other and one another, independent

Question 25

indefinite pronoun

Answer 25

Begin with some, every, no, any, end in person, body, thing, independent

Question 26

so

Answer 26

Unnamed type of pronoun, independent, usually refers to a whole event

Question 27

numerals

Answer 27

Refer to number, independent or dependent

Question 28

cardinal numerals

Answer 28

Name the number

Question 29

ordinal numerals

Answer 29

Show the order

Question 30

connectors

Answer 30

Words that ‘link’

Question 31

coordinators

Answer 31

Link two equal parts

Question 32

conjunction

Answer 32

Either correlative or coordinate, reserved for connectors that have no function within the clause they introduce

Question 33

subordinators

Answer 33

Introduce a dependent clause; can introduce clauses functioning as sentence constituent, clauses modifying a noun, or clauses funtioning as adverbial

Question 34

prepositions

Answer 34

Are very similar to subordinators, introduce dependent noun phrases, when put in front of a noun phrase, it changes into a prepositional phrase

Question 35

interjections

Answer 35

Words that are literally interjected into a sentence, do not have a function, but express the speaker’s attitude towards something