chapter 5 Flashcards by Ryan Persaud

What is perception based on?

It is based on sensations from the world around us and by combining top down and bottom up processing

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What is bottom up processing?

Neural processes that start with physical messages or sensations

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What is top down processing?

Combining incoming neural messages with our understanding of the world to interpret info in way we can use it

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What is the principle of proximity?

Objects that are close to one another will be grouped together

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What is the retina?

thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye with photoreceptors

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What is the cornea?

Preforms most of the focusing of visual images and is a protective outer layer

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What is the lens?

The hole in the center of the eye that control how much light comes in

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What does the iris do?

Controls the size of the pupil

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What is the fovea?

Found in the center of the eye and has a high concentration of cones but no rods and is mainly used to process bright light

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What do cones do?

Process bright light and colour

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What do rods do?

Night vision/darker light

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What is the pathway of light

Cornea –> pupil –> lens –> retina

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What are the different types of bipolar cells and, where do they receive information from and where do they send this information to?

Diffuse bipolar cells: receive info from rods, and send info to large Magno ganglion cells
Midget bipolar cells: receive info from cones and send messages to small Parvo ganglion cells

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P-cells make up around 70% of the ganglion cells in the retina and send signals to the brain about the qualities of colour and detail.
a) True
b) False

a) True

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What is a blind spot?

Spot on the brain with no photoreceptors

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Which statement is true
a) Information from the right side of both eyes is sent to the left hemisphere
b) information from the right eye is sent to the left hemisphere
c) none of the above

a) Information from the right side of both eyes is sent to the left hemisphere

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What does the lateral geniculate nucleus do?

Part of the thalamus that organizes and processes visual information

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Where is the visual cortex found?

Occipital lobe

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Retinotopic organization means that the information origination is in the retina while being processed in the LGN and visual cortex simultaneously.
a) True
b) False

a) True

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What is the dorsal stream known as and what does it do?

It is known as the “where pathway” and carries info to the parietal lobe.

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What is the ventral stream known as and what does it do?

It is known as the “what pathway” and carries info to the temporal lobe where visual info is identified.

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What is the pathway of light to the visual cortex?

Cornea –> Pupil –> lens –> rods/cones –> diffuse & midget bipolar cells –> M and P cells -> Optic Chiasm –> LGN –> –> Visual cortex

What are the three types of cones and their function?

Short cones: respond to short wv (blue)
Medium cones: respond to medium wv (green)
Long cones: respond to long wv (red)

What is the opponent process?

Theory of colour vision that suggests that cells in the visual pathway increase their activation when receiving info from one cone nad decrease their activation when they see a second colour

What are the different types of monocular depth cues?

1. Occlusion: occurs when one image partially blocks the view of a second object which makes it seem father away 2. Relative heigt: objects closer to the horizon will appear father away 3. Relative size: When two objects are of equal size, the one father away will take up a smaller portion of the retina

What are binocular depth cues?

Retinal disparity: as images become farther away, they have a smaller degree of disparity on the retinas

What is the pinna?

Part of the ear that helps to filter the sound into the ear canal to the tympanic mb

What does the tympanic mb do?

transfers energy into the three smallest bones in the body (ossicles)

What do the ossicles do and what are the names?

Malleus, incus, and stapes. They help to amplify the vibrations as sound waves travel further into the inner ear

What does the oval window do?

transfer vibrations created by the ossicles to the cochlea

What does the cochlea do?

Translates sound so that it is understood by neurons and contains the basilar mb

When does transduction occur?

Occurs when vibrations against the oval window cause fluid inside the cochlea to move. The movement cause the sensory hair on the cilia to shake which sends an excitatory message to the brain via the auditory nerve

What does the place theory say?

The basilar mb vibrates in diff places depending on what you hear.

What does the frequency theory say?

States that the brain uses info related tot he rate of cells firing and basilar mb hairs to perceive pitch

What is the Auditory cortex?

Location in the temporal lobe where the info is processed

What is Tonotopic organization?

spatial organization of the basilar mb is maintained through the auditory pathway

What is the auditory pathway?

Outer ear --> middle ear --> inner ear --> auditory cortex

What are binaural cues?

When you need a comparison of input from both ears to know the location of an object

What is interaural time?

comparison b/w arrival time in each ear

What is interaural level

Comparison b/w intensity b/w the ears

What is involuntary musical imagery?

When you cannot get a song out of your head

What is the McGurk effect?

How visual info can be used to aid in deciphering what you are hearing

Where do we perceive smell?

Olfactory receptors

What is the only papillae that does not contain taste buds?

Filiform papillae

What is transduction?

converting one form of energy into another, occurs when chemicals bind to the receptors on the taste pore

Where does most information we obtain about texture come from?

Mechanoreceptors

What are the four types of mechanoreceptors?

1. Merkel receptor : Fires countinuously long if the skin is making contact with an object, and sends information about fine details 2. Meissner corpuscle: fires when the skin first encouters the stimulus and when it is removed 3. Ruffini cylinder: interprets the stretching of the skin 4. Pacinian corpuscle: feels vibration and texture

What do nociceptors do?

They detect pain and send a signal to our brains and is highly subjective which makes it difficult to study

What is the "gate control theory of pain"?

suggests that impulses that indicate painful stimuli can be blocked in the spinal cord by signals sent from the brain

What are the three pathways of pain

1. Small diameter fibers: fire to damaging and pain stimuli 2. Transmission cell: becomes activated when the S fibers are active. the insensity and perception of pain depend on this cell 3. Large diameter fibers: Snitches to the brain about the stimuli that is not painful

What is congenital analgesia?

Condition where pain and temperature is not perceived

What is the kinesthetic sense?

Basic understanding of where our body is and relies on touch

What is vestibular sense?

Sense of posture, balance, and responds to gravity.