Chapter 5

Question 1

The integumentary consists of:

Answer 1

skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails, and sensory receptors

Question 2

functions of the integumentary

Answer 2

-Helps the body maintain its temperature
-Converts inactive vitamin D to its active form
-Provides sensory information
-Helps maintain homeostasis in a number of ways

Question 3

innate immunity

Answer 3

F- first line of defense (present in individuals at all times)
I - immediate (0-4 hours)
N - non-specific
D - does not generate lasting protective immunity

Question 4

2 major layers of skin

Answer 4

Epidermis – the most superficial layer
Dermis – a layer deep to the epidermis

Question 5

Hypodermis

Answer 5

also called the subcutaneous (subQ) layer; located deep to the dermis but not a layer of the skin; composed of areolar and adipose tissue

Question 6

The Epidermis
Contains four major types
of cells:

Answer 6

Keratinocytes,
Melanocytes
Intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cell)
Tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cell)

Question 7

keratinocytes

Answer 7

• help protect skin and underlying tissues from abrasions, heat, microbes, and chemicals

Question 8

melanocytes

Answer 8

contribute to skin color and absorb damaging uv light (yellow/red, brown/black)

Question 9

intraepidermal macrophages

Answer 9

• help the immune system recognize foreign substances

Question 10

tactile epithelial cells

Answer 10

detect touch sensations

Question 11

types of skin

Answer 11

Thin (hairy) skin covers all body regions except the palms, palmar surfaces of digits, and soles
Thick (hairless) skin covers the palms, palmar surfaces of digits (fingers), and soles

Question 12

The epidermis is composed of four layers in thin skin and five layers in thick skin. They are (from deep to superficial):

Answer 12

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum

Question 13

stratum basale

Answer 13

undergoes cell division and produces all other layers

Question 14

stratum spinosum

Answer 14

provides strength and flexibility

Question 15

stratum granulosum

Answer 15

contains keratin and lamellar granules

Question 16

stratum lucidum

Answer 16

only present in palms and soles

Question 17

stratum corneum

Answer 17

sloughs off dead skin

Question 18

Melanin

Answer 18

produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale
Pheomelanin (yellow to red)
Eumelanin (brown to black)

Question 19

hemoglobin

Answer 19

red pigment in red blood cells

Question 20

carotene

Answer 20

yellow-orange pigment stores in the stratum corneum and adipose tissue

Question 21

albinism

Answer 21

Albinism is the inherited inability to produce melanin. Results in complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes.

Question 22

vitiligo

Answer 22

is a chronic disorder characterized by partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin producing irregular white spots. The loss of melanocytes is related to an immune system malfunction where antibodies attack melanocytes.

Question 23

Hair

Answer 23

Present on most body surfaces except the nipple, the palms, palmar surfaces of fingers, the soles, plantar surfaces of the toes, labia minora and prepuce of penis
Composed of dead, keratinized epidermal cells bonded by extracellular proteins
Genetic and hormonal influences determine the thickness and distribution of our hair

Question 24

the parts of a hair:

Answer 24

The shaft (above the skin surface)
The follicle (below the level of the skin)
A root that penetrates into the dermis
-Epithelial root sheath
-Dermal root sheath

Question 25

hair growth stages

Answer 25

growth stage– cells of matrix divide regression stage– hair moves away from blood supply in papillary and follicle atrophies resting stage – old hair root falls out; new growth begins

Question 26

hair color

Answer 26

due to: the amount and type of melanin present in the keratinized cells of the hair dark-colored hair– mostly eumelanin blond and red hair– variants of phenomelanin gray hair– progressive decline in melanin production white hair – lack of melanin; accumulation of air bubbles in shaft

Question 27

skin's 3 glands

Answer 27

sebaceous (oil) glands are connected to hair follicles sudoriferous glands are sweat glands -eccrine are the most numerous -apocrine are located mainly in hairy skin areas ceruminous glands are modified sweat glands located in the ear canal ear wax called cerumen

Question 28

nails

Answer 28

Nails are made of keratinized epidermal cells Nail structures - nail root, eponychium, lunula of the nail, nail bed, nail body, free edge hyponychium

Question 29

Functions of the skin:

Answer 29

TBPCESSB Thermoregulation Blood reservoir Protection Cutaneous sensations Excretion and absorption Synthesis of Vitamin D Sweat Blood flow to the dermis

Question 30

Protection from skin

Answer 30

Keratin Lipids released by lamellar granules Sebum - oily substance Acidic sweat Melanin Macrophages - type of white blood cell

Question 31

Cutaneous Sensations The skin contains different types of sensory receptors found in different layers

Answer 31

Tactile sensations – touch, pressure, vibration, tickle Thermal sensations – warm, cool Pain

Question 32

excretion and absorption

Answer 32

excretion– elimination of substances from the body absorption– passage of materials from the external environment into body cells Transdermal drug administration

Question 33

Synthesis of Vitamin D

Answer 33

ultraviolet rays active the precursor molecule (calcitriol) that allows vitamin D to be made Vitamin D aids in the absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract

Question 34

Epidermal Wound Healing

Answer 34

Occurs when superficial wounds affect only the epidermis

Question 35

deep wound healing

Answer 35

inflammatory phase– clot forms migratory phase– clot becomes a scab proliferative phase– growth of epithelial cells beneath scab maturation phase– scab sloughs off once epidermis restored

Question 36

age-associated changes

Answer 36

wrinkles Dehydration and cracking Sweat production decreases The numbers of functional melanocytes decrease which results in gray hair and atypical skin pigmentation Subcutaneous fat is lost and skin thickness decreases Nails may become more brittle

Question 37

skin cancer

Answer 37

Excessive exposure to ultraviolet light (from the sun or tanning salons) is the most common cause of skin cancer The three major types are basal cell carcinoma (78%), squamous cell carcinoma (20%) and malignant melanoma

Question 38

Early warning signs of malignant melanoma

Answer 38

A – asymmetry B – border is irregular C – color is uneven D – diameter is >6mm (pencil eraser) E – evolving and changing in size and shape

Question 39

burns

Answer 39

A burn is tissue damage caused by excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals that denature (break down) the proteins in the skin cells Burns are graded according to their severity

Question 40

pressure ulcers

Answer 40

With age, there is an increased susceptibility to pressure ulcers (“bed sores”) When shedding of epithelium caused by a deficiency of blood flow to tissues occurs, pressure ulcers can develop