Chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology
study of how the body and its parts work
How can anatomy and physiology be described in terms of a book
letters–words–sentences–paragraphs–chapters–books:
Chemical (atoms or molecules made up of atoms)–cellular (cells are the base of what we look at in the human body – tissue (4 different types of tissue in the body) – organ (ex. stomach) – system (11 main systems in body)– organismal (human body all put together)
The 11 Systems of the Human Body:
Endocrine, Respiratory, Nervous, lymphatic/immune, muscular, skeletal, reproduction, integumentary, cardiovascular, urinary, digestive
Endocrine
all glands and tissues that produce hormones
- regulates body activities through hormones transported by the blood to various target organs
Reproductive
-gonads, uterine,
-key spots for passing hormones
skeletal
Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages.
Functions: Supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats).
Muscular
Specifically, skeletal muscle tissue
Functions: Participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; and is the major source of heat production.
nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such as eyes and ears.
Functions: Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
integumentary
-Skin and associated structures,
-Protects body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold; stores fat and provides insulation
cardiovascular
blood, heart, blood vessels
-primarily carrying blood around– nutrients, oxygen, waste products, hormones, regulate water levels
Urinary
kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, urethra
regulate water levels in body, chemical composition of our blood, acid base balance, mineral balance, red cell production
Lymphatic/immune system
lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, cells that carry immune responses
helps carry lipids, prevent disease, returns proteins and fluid to blood
Respiratory system
lungs and air passageways
transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air, regulate acidity of body fluids, air flowing out of lungs
Digestive
organs like mouth, stomach, etc.
-break down food, absorb nutrients and get rid of waste
Life processes in humans include
metabolism (sum of all chemical processes that occur in the human body), responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation (cells going from unspecialized to specialized), and reproduction
Homeostasis
is a condition of : equilibrium, or balance, in the body’s internal environment
The survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of :
the chemical composition of their surrounding fluids
This fluid is known as: extracellular fluid - example lymph
most important for homeostasis because they both pass information
endocrine and nervous system
Feedback loop
receptor, control center and effector
receptor is going to receive the information and pass it to the control center, most of the time in brain
control center (brain) - send info out to effectors (deciding what to do)
effector - bring about response which reverses the controlled condition
negative feedback loop vs positive
Reverses a change in a controlled condition (for negative feedback) – causes you to stop
Positive is going to say do it more
when does a positive feedback loop occur?
giving birth, blood clotting
The body’s 6 levels of structural organization in more detail
Chemical level: atoms and molecules (two or more atoms joined together)
Ex. glucose
Cellular level: Molecules combine to form cells, the smallest living units
Tissue level: groups of cells – 4 kinds are: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.
Organ level: different types of tissues are joined together (stomach, skin, bones,etc.)
System: related organs with a common function
Ex: digestive system
Organismal level: any living individual
Basic life processes in more detail
Metabolism - the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
Responsiveness - the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.
Movement
Growth
Differentiation - the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
Reproduction - 1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or (2) the production of a new individual
