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Biology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomy

A

study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

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2
Q

Physiology

A

study of how the body and its parts work

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3
Q

How can anatomy and physiology be described in terms of a book

A

letters–words–sentences–paragraphs–chapters–books:
Chemical (atoms or molecules made up of atoms)–cellular (cells are the base of what we look at in the human body – tissue (4 different types of tissue in the body) – organ (ex. stomach) – system (11 main systems in body)– organismal (human body all put together)

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4
Q

The 11 Systems of the Human Body:

A

Endocrine, Respiratory, Nervous, lymphatic/immune, muscular, skeletal, reproduction, integumentary, cardiovascular, urinary, digestive

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5
Q

Endocrine

A

all glands and tissues that produce hormones
- regulates body activities through hormones transported by the blood to various target organs

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6
Q

Reproductive

A

-gonads, uterine,
-key spots for passing hormones

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7
Q

skeletal

A

Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages.
Functions: Supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats).

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8
Q

Muscular

A

Specifically, skeletal muscle tissue
Functions: Participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; and is the major source of heat production.

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9
Q

nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such as eyes and ears.
Functions: Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.

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9
Q

integumentary

A

-Skin and associated structures,
-Protects body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold; stores fat and provides insulation

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10
Q

cardiovascular

A

blood, heart, blood vessels
-primarily carrying blood around– nutrients, oxygen, waste products, hormones, regulate water levels

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11
Q

Urinary

A

kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, urethra
regulate water levels in body, chemical composition of our blood, acid base balance, mineral balance, red cell production

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12
Q

Lymphatic/immune system

A

lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, cells that carry immune responses
helps carry lipids, prevent disease, returns proteins and fluid to blood

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13
Q

Respiratory system

A

lungs and air passageways
transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air, regulate acidity of body fluids, air flowing out of lungs

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14
Q

Digestive

A

organs like mouth, stomach, etc.
-break down food, absorb nutrients and get rid of waste

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15
Q

Life processes in humans include

A

metabolism (sum of all chemical processes that occur in the human body), responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation (cells going from unspecialized to specialized), and reproduction

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16
Q

Homeostasis

A

is a condition of : equilibrium, or balance, in the body’s internal environment

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17
Q

The survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of :

A

the chemical composition of their surrounding fluids
This fluid is known as: extracellular fluid - example lymph

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18
Q

most important for homeostasis because they both pass information

A

endocrine and nervous system

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19
Q

Feedback loop

A

receptor, control center and effector
receptor is going to receive the information and pass it to the control center, most of the time in brain
control center (brain) - send info out to effectors (deciding what to do)
effector - bring about response which reverses the controlled condition

20
Q

negative feedback loop vs positive

A

Reverses a change in a controlled condition (for negative feedback) – causes you to stop
Positive is going to say do it more

21
Q

when does a positive feedback loop occur?

A

giving birth, blood clotting

22
Q

The body’s 6 levels of structural organization in more detail

A

Chemical level: atoms and molecules (two or more atoms joined together)
Ex. glucose
Cellular level: Molecules combine to form cells, the smallest living units
Tissue level: groups of cells – 4 kinds are: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue.
Organ level: different types of tissues are joined together (stomach, skin, bones,etc.)
System: related organs with a common function
Ex: digestive system
Organismal level: any living individual

23
Q

Basic life processes in more detail

A

Metabolism - the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
Responsiveness - the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.
Movement
Growth
Differentiation - the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state
Reproduction - 1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or (2) the production of a new individual

24
Q

Fluid outside body cells = extracellular fluid

A

Within blood vessels = blood plasma
Within lymphatic vessels = lymph plasma
In and around brain = cerebrospinal fluid
In joints = synovial fluid

25
Q

Anatomical position

A

person stands erect, facing the observer, the upper extremities are placed at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor.

26
Q

prone vs supine

A

prone = body lying face down
supine =body laying face up

27
Q

Regional names

A

The principal regions are the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs

28
Q

Superior

A

towards head

29
Q

inferior

A

towards lower half of body

30
Q

Anterior

A

at the front of the body

31
Q

posterior

A

near back of the body

32
Q

medial

A

closest to the midline

33
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from the midline

34
Q

intermediate

A

between two structures

35
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side of the body as another structure

36
Q

contralateral

A

on the opposite side of the body from another structure

37
Q

proximal

A

nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk

38
Q

distal

A

further from the trunk

38
Q

deep

A

away from the surface of the body

38
Q

superficial

A

toward the surface of the body

39
Q

Planes and sections

A

Sagittal plane (left to right but not equal), coronal plane (front to back), transverse plane (top from bottom), median plane (middle, equal left and right), paramedian plane (left to right but not equal), oblique plane (diagonal)

40
Q

Meninges

A

three tissue protective fluid and cerebrospinal fluid surround the brain and spinal cord

41
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

formed by the ribs, muscles of the chest, sternum.
Within the thoracic cavity is the pericardial cavity, a fluid filled space that surrounds the heart, and two fluid filled spaces called pleural cavities

42
Q

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the

A

thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

43
Q

the abdominal cavity contains the

A

stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine. The inferior portion, the pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and most of the internal organs of the genital systems.

44
Q

serous membrane

A

Serous membranes : are thin, double-layered membranes that cover the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and aso line the walls of the thorax and abdomen
visceral layer
parietal layer
SM reduces friction
pleura, mediastinum, pericardium, left pleural cavity

45
Q
A

Biology (6 decks)

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