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Understanding Human Disease Exam 1 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

neoplasm

A

uncontrolled growth of cells, benign or malignant

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2
Q

tumor

A

nonspecific term meaning lump or swelling (synonym for neoplasm)

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3
Q

benign

A

mass of cells that remain confined to their site of origin

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4
Q

metastasis

A

discontinuous spread of malignant neoplasm to distant sites

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5
Q

malignant

A

capable of metastasis

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6
Q

cancer

A

any malignant neoplasm or tumor

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7
Q

metastasis is spread by..

A

lymphatic system, main cause of morbidity/mortality

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8
Q

benign characteristics

A
  • slow growth rate
  • growth rate character: expansion
  • tumor spread remains localized
  • cells are well differentiated
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9
Q

cancer

A

less differentiation of cells

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10
Q

malignant characteristics

A
  • rapid growth rate
  • growth character: infiltration
  • tumor spreads, metastasis by bloodstream or lymphatic channels
  • cells are poorly differentiated
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11
Q

carcinoma

A

malignancy of epithelial cells

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12
Q

sarcoma

A

malignancy of CT

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13
Q

melanoma

A

melanocytes, pigment of skin

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14
Q

lymphoma

A

malignancy of lymphoid tissue

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15
Q

which cancers were most commonly diagnosed in 2019?

A

prostate and breast

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16
Q

which cancer was the leading cause of death in 2019?

A

lung for males and females

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17
Q

carcinoma happens because of..

A

rapid division, high chance of error, more common in older individuals because of built up mutations

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18
Q

damaged DNA due to..

A

mutations (change in DNA)

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19
Q

to be carcinogenic (cancer causing)..

A

genetic alteration must promote a growth advantage

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20
Q

proto-oncogene

A

normal, green light to divide, usually involved in cell growth and/or cell division

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21
Q

oncogene

A

proto-oncogene that is mutated, abnormal, doesn’t respond to environment but still gives green light to divide

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22
Q

mutation in RAS leads to..

A

constantly activated protein, apart of signaling inside of cell which promotes growth

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23
Q

tumor suppressor genes

A

detect and repair defective DNA before cell can transition through cell cycle and undergo mitosis (can be deactivated by mutations)

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24
Q

p53

A

most commonly mutated tumor supresser gene, master regulator

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25
Q

over 50% of cancers have..

A

mutated p53

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26
Q

function of p53

A
  • halt the cell
  • review cell cycle
  • G1/S checkpoint is where it acts
  • guardian of the genome
  • recruits enzyme for repair, if cell too damaged, tells it to die
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27
Q

carcinogenesis

A

creation of cancer, can metastasize

28
Q

what is required to acquire a malignant phenotype?

A

multiple “hits” to genome

29
Q

cancer may be..

A
  • hereditary
  • sporadic
30
Q

hereditary cancer

A

inherit first copy of mutant gene gives first “hit”, then additional mutations occur (5-10%) of cancers

31
Q

sporadic cancer

A

mutations are acquired from environment or random, majority of cancers

32
Q

causes of DNA mutation

A
  • chemicals
  • radiation
  • infectious agents
  • familial predisposition
33
Q

chemical cause

A
  • environment
  • initiating chemical causes mutation then additional chemicals promote growth
34
Q

radiation cause

A
  • xrays -> effects are dose dependent
  • UV -> sunlight, increases risk for skin cancer
35
Q

infectious agents

A

oncogenic viruses are integrated into DNA (HPV)

36
Q

familial predisposition

A
  • genetics
  • increasing risk of developing cancer at younger age (inherited first “hit”)
37
Q

individual at risk has inherited set of genes that influence (inherited cancer predisposition)

A
  • differences in circulation hormone levels
  • variations in which cells metabolize cancer causing chemicals
  • variations in ability to repair DNA
  • variations in efficiency of immune system
38
Q

natural history of cancer

A
  • cell -> metaplasia -> dysplasia -> CIS
  • malignancies develop through pre-malignancy
39
Q

dysplasia in cancer

A
  • premalignant state
  • tissue is atypical
  • usually epithelium
  • doesn’t necessarily progress to malignancies
40
Q

carcinoma in situ (CIS)

A
  • cancer in place
  • not invasive as basement membrane intact
  • curable by complete excision
  • not broken through membrane yet, once it does it can spread
41
Q

invasion

A

local breakthrough of basement membrane

42
Q

stage describes..

A

extent of spread of cancer

43
Q

TNM system

A
  • t describes tumor
  • n describes extent of lymph node metastasis
  • m describes whether distant metastasis has occurred
44
Q

TNM combinations correspond to stages

A
  • stage 0: CIS
  • stage 1: not spread to surrounding tissues, but larger than stage 0
  • stage 2: may extend into nearby tissue
  • stage 3: spread to nearby lymph nodes, but not to other parts of the body
  • stage 4: spread to distant tissues and organs
45
Q

measures of 5 or 10 year survival is used for..

A

predicting behavior of cancers

46
Q

cancer prognosis

A
  • grade of tumor (assessment of how differentiated tumor appears)
  • degree of differentiation roughly estimate tymors malignant potential
47
Q

grading is..

A

microscopic assessment (how abnormal)

48
Q

staging is..

A

behavioral assessment (size and extent of metastasis, help plan treatment)

49
Q

clinical detection of cancer

A
  • producing symptoms related to local growth
  • causing systemic manifestations
  • producing produce hormones
50
Q

mass

A

cause pain, obstruction, palpable

51
Q

hormone production

A

some neoplasms secrete hormones that lead to specific clinical manifestations
- benign and malignant neoplasms of endocrine gland

52
Q

paraneoplastic syndromes

A

manifestations of aberrant and uncontrolled hormone production by malignant neoplasm

53
Q

systemic manifestations

A
  • metastasis to bone
  • become anemic
  • osteoporosis
  • pathologic fracture: bone replaced by cancer, more likely to fracture
54
Q

cachexia

A

generalized wasting that occurs in terminal cancer patients

55
Q

contributing factors to cachexia

A
  • anorexia
  • nutritional demands of rapidly growing tumor
56
Q

cancer treatment

A
  • surgery
  • hormone therapy
  • ionizing radiation
  • chemo
  • immunotherapy
  • targeted therapy
57
Q

surgery

A
  • prevent or cure cancer
  • biopsy for diagnosing/staging and lymph node sampling
  • debulking surgery (used on big tumors when can’t get radiation to whole tumor)
  • palliative surgery (removing some mass to make patient more comfortable before death)
58
Q

hormone therapy

A
  • receptor activation or blockage
  • interferes with cellular growth and signaling
59
Q

ionizing radiation

A
  • eradicate cancer w/o excessive toxicity
  • avoid damage to normal structures
  • damages cancer cells DNA
60
Q

chemotherapy

A
  • chemicals target rapidly dividing cells
  • not specific to cancer cells
61
Q

immunotherapy

A

stimulating own immune system to better recognize cancer cell

62
Q

targeted therapy

A
  • precision medicine
  • act on specific molecular targets (biopsy and look at mutations)
63
Q

survival rates

A
  • vary from 4-95%
  • thyroid = 95% 5 yr rate
  • pancreatic = 4% 5 yr rate
64
Q

warning signs and symptoms (CAUTION)

A
  • change in bowel/bladder habits or function
  • a sore doesn’t heal
  • unusual bleeding/discharge
  • thickening/lump in breast or elsewhere
  • indigestion or difficulty swallowing
  • obvious change in wart or mole
  • nagging cough or hoarseness
65
Q

lifestyle choices to reduce risk of cancer

A
  • don’t use tobacco products
  • sun safety
  • diet
  • drink alcohol in moderation
  • exercise regularly
  • vaccination
  • safe sex practices
  • maintain healthy weight
  • self exam

Understanding Human Disease Exam 1 (5 decks)

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