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Understanding Human Disease Exam 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the leading causes of death in the U.S. according to the CDC?

A
  • heart disease
  • cancer
  • unintentional injuries from COVID (poisoning, motor vehicle accident, overdose, downing, falls)
  • COVID
  • stroke
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2
Q

what are the leading causes of death in the world according to the WHO?

A
  • heart disease
  • stroke
  • COPD
  • lower respiratory infection
  • neonatal conditions (developing countries)
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3
Q

what are the leading causes of death for low income countries?

A
  • neonatal conditions
  • lower respiratory infections
  • ischemic heart disease
    diseases are communicable (contagious)
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4
Q

what are the leading causes of death for high income countries?

A
  • ischemic heart disease
  • alzheimers
  • stroke
    more access to health care and diseases are not communicable (not contagious, preventable?)
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5
Q

disease

A

any disturbance of structure or function of the body (loss of homeostasis)

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6
Q

acute disease

A

contagious, caused by pathogen, 6 months or less

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7
Q

chronic disease

A

long lasting, more than 6 months (cancer/heart disease)

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8
Q

etiology

A

cause of disease

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9
Q

disease is due to…

A

structure or function gone wrong

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10
Q

structural disease

A
  • structure changes in a cell, organ, etc.
  • caused by lesions that occur in the body
  • caused by external or internal mechanisms
  • ex. unintentional COVID injuries, heart disease, alzheimers, cancer
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11
Q

functional disease

A
  • no morphological abnormalities yet body functions are disturbed
  • no visible lesions present initially (microscopic), over time structural changes will appear
  • caused by physiological changes
  • ex. hypertension, diarrheal diseases are both structural and functional
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12
Q

gross examination

A

can see with the naked eye

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13
Q

histologic examination

A

see changes under a microscope

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14
Q

lesion

A

change in DNA of the cell

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15
Q

structure and function are intimately related..

A

change in structure leads to change in function

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16
Q

pathology

A

study of structural and functional changes in body as a result of disease

17
Q

pathologist

A

physician who specializes in diagnosing and classifying diseases by studying the morphology of cells and tissues

18
Q

clinician

A

physician/health care professional that cares for patients

19
Q

pathogenesis

A

abnormal creation

20
Q

pathogen

A

organism causing disease

21
Q

manifestation

A

expression of, physical result of disease

22
Q

types of manifestation

A
  • symptoms: something that is not measurable (subjective)
  • signs: measurable, vitals (objective)
  • lesion: characteristic structural changes in organs and tissues as a result of disease
  • asymptomatic: without symptoms
23
Q

predisposing

A

more likely to get a disease

24
Q

categories of disease

A
  • vascular
  • infectious (inflammatory): COVID
  • neoplastic: cancer, improper development of cells
  • degenerative (deficiency): osteoporosis
  • idiopathic: hypertension
  • congenital
  • allergic (autoimmune)
  • traumatic
  • endocrine (hormonal)
  • metabolic
25
Q

causes of disease

A
  • exogenous: outside of body (physical, chemical, microbiologic)
  • endogenous: inside of body (vascular, immunologic, metabolic)
  • idiopathic: cause is unknown
  • iatrogenic disease: disease caused by medical exam or treatment (side effect of drug)
  • nosocomial disease: acquired from hospital environment (bacteria)
26
Q

why do patients most often seek medical help?

A

due to a symptom

27
Q

clinician gathers facts (workup) which include..

A

history, predisposing risk factor, physical exam, lab and diagnostic tests

28
Q

prognosis

A

likely outcome/course the disease will take
- chances of complete recovery
- prediction of permanent loss of function
- probability of survival

29
Q

complication

A

abnormal state that develops in person with disease

30
Q

palliative care

A

treatments designed to relieve and manage symptoms
- may still receive treatment
- often serious chronic illness
- useful for all stages of a disease

31
Q

hospice care

A

comfort care when cure is no longer possible

32
Q

process of patient care is limited by..

A
  • access to care
  • nature of particular diseases
  • clinicians ability to understand disease processes
33
Q

time lag

A

application of new knowledge about disease processes and therapeutic interventions lags far behind discoveries (15-20 years)

34
Q

obstacles to patient care

A
  • time lag
  • standards of practice are not universally adhered to
  • type of facility
  • bias
  • mistrust in medical institutions

Understanding Human Disease Exam 1 (5 decks)

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