Chapter 3 Flashcards
many chronic diseases are..
asymptomatic in early stages, yet cause damage
diagnosing asymptomatic diseases early require..
- dental appointments
- well baby/child exams
- yearly physical exams
- screening
screening techniques
- patient history
- physical exam
- targeted lab and radiologic tests
to be a successful screening test..
- suitable groups for screening
- suitable screening tests
- benefits of screening
- screening for genetic disease
most diagnoses of a symptomatic disease can be made from..
- detailed history
- physical examination (visual, specialized instruments, auscultation - hearing/stethoscope, percussion - tapping and listening, palpation - feeling)
diagnostic test
any approach to gather information for making a clinical diagnosis
what are diagnostic tests used for?
- diagnosis to identify disease
- monitoring treatment
- screening
- assessment of risk
- prognosis
- detection of complications
cytologic exam
cells
histologic exam
tissue
use of diagnostic tests and procedures
- accuracy
- precision
- sensitivity
- specificity
- risk/benefit/cost ratio
clinical lab tests
provides and interprets diagnostic testing related to patient care
types of clinical lab tests
- qualitative: describe quality, positive or negative
- quantitative: tests that have numerical rresults
use of clinical tests for diagnosis
- disease vs health (presence or absense, do not refer to signs or symptoms)
- normal vs abnormal (determines whether disease is present by measurements and physical exam)
x ray
differing absorption properties of tissues (mammogram)
computed tomography (CT)
SD x ray, internal organs, bad because of high dose of radiation
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
uses movement of hydrogen atoms to generate images
- pros: does not use x rays, sensitive
- cons: loud, uncomfortable, too sensitive (false positives)
ultrasound
uses sound waves to view soft tissue structures, no radiation
positron emission tomography (PET)
radioactive material is injected into the patient, and then the patient is scanned to determine where the material has settled
endoscopy
non-surgical technique examining interior of body with flexible tube and light
laparoscopy
surgical technique to examine structures within peritoneal cavity, increased risk of infection
biopsy
surgical removal of tissue samples, risk of infection
clinical pathology
branch of pathology that performs lab tests on tissues and fluids
methods of disease prevention
- lifestyle and behavior changes
- vaccination
- public health improvements
