Chapter 5

Question 1

What is potential energy?

Answer 1

The stored or resting energy

Question 2

In the vascular system what kind of energy is intravascular pressure?

Answer 2

Potential energy

Question 3

What is kinetic energy?

Answer 3

The energy of work or motion

Question 4

In the vascular system how is kinetic energy represented?

Answer 4

The velocity of blood flow

Question 5

What is poiseuilles law?

Answer 5

The law that states the volume flow of a liquid flowing through a vessel is directly proportional to the pressure of the liquid and the fourth power of the radius and is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the liquid and the length of the vessel

Question 6

What is laminar flow?

Answer 6

Flow of a liquid in which travels smoothly in parallel layers

Question 7

What is viscosity?

Answer 7

Thickness; the property of a fluid the resist the force tending to cause fluid to flow

Question 8

What is inertia?

Answer 8

The tendency of a body at rest to stay at rest or a body in motion to stay in motion

Question 9

Where in the vascular system is the lowest energy represented by the lowest pressure located?

Answer 9

The right atrium

Question 10

What causes blood in the vascular system to move from one point to the next?

Answer 10

Pressure or energy gradient

Question 11

In the entire vascular system, how does the cross-sectional area of vessels change?

Answer 11

Increase from the aorta to the capillary level

Question 12

In the vascular system, what represents the potential difference or voltage in Ohm’s law?

Answer 12

Pressure gradient

Question 13

Changes in which of the following will most significantly affect resistance in the vascular system?

Answer 13

Radius of vessels

Question 14

When vessels are arranged in parallel, how does this affect the entire system?

Answer 14

Lower total resistance than when vessels are in series

Question 15

Which of the following characterizes low-resistance flow?

Answer 15

Antegrade flow

Question 16

What flow profile is typically demonstrated at the entrance of a vessel?

Answer 16

Plug flow

Question 17

What is required to move blood flow in a turbulent system?

Answer 17

Pressure greater

Question 18

What is the function of the hydraulic filter of the arterial system (composed of the elastic arteries and high-resistance arterioles)?

Answer 18

Convert the cardiac output flow to steady flow

Question 19

In diastole, how is the conversion of potential energy into blood flow accomplished?

Answer 19

Elastic recoil of the arteries

Question 20

How is the resistance in the arterial system controlled?

Answer 20

By the contraction and relation of the smooth muscle cells in the media of arterioles

Question 21

Which of the following will result when norepinephrine is released by the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 21

The contraction of smooth muscle cells in arterioles is triggered

Question 22

Most prominently, abnormal energy losses in the arterial system would result from pathologies such as obstruction and/or stenoses because of which of the following?

Answer 22

The decrease in the vessels radius

Question 23

In the human body, the major component of the blood influencing viscosity is ________________.

Answer 23

Hematocrit

Question 24

The highest pressure in the vascular system (of approximately 120 mm Hg) is found in the ________________.

Answer 24

Left ventricle

Question 25

When moving farther from the reference point of the right atrium, the hydrostatic pressure ________________.

Answer 25

Increases

Question 26

The principle stating that the total energy remains constant from one point to another without changes in flow velocity is ________________.

Answer 26

Bernoulli’s principle

Question 27

Inertia and viscosity are two components of the vascular system contributing to ________________.

Answer 27

Energy losses

Question 28

In the vascular system, if the volume of blood or flow remains the same, a decrease in the area of a vessel should trigger a(n) ________________ in the velocity of blood.

Answer 28

Increase

Question 29

The law defined by the statement that the current through two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points and inversely proportional to the resistance between them is ________________.

Answer 29

Ohms law

Question 30

The total resistance in a system where the elements are arranged in series is the ________________ of the individual resistances.

Answer 30

Sum

Question 31

A low-resistance flow profile characteristically displays ________________ flow throughout the cardiac cycle.

Answer 31

Antegrade

Question 32

The third antegrade phase seen in a high-resistance flow profile is related to ________________ of the proximal vessels.

Answer 32

Compliance

Question 33

After exercise, under normal conditions, the resistance of the tissue bed in the lower extremities will change from ________________.

Answer 33

High to low

Question 34

In laminar flow, the “layers” of cells at the center of the vessel move ________________ than the layers closest to the wall of the vessel.

Answer 34

Faster

Question 35

Turbulence in a blood vessel is mostly the result of change in the velocity of blood and the ________________ of the vessel.

Answer 35

Radius

Question 36

The Reynolds number above which turbulence of flow starts to occur is ________________.

Answer 36

2000

Question 37

What type of vessel demonstrate low resistance wave form?

Answer 37

Internal CCA, renal arteries, splenic arteries or any other arteries that feed an organ

Question 38

What type of vessel would demonstrate high resistance wave form?

Answer 38

External CCA, brachial artery, subclavian artery, superficial femoral artery or other arteries that travel to the muscular beds