Chapter 5 Flashcards
It is the conduct of processes, more particularly, the recognition, handling, preservation and documentation of physical evidence to include the identification and interview of witnesses and the arrest of suspect/s at the crime scene
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
a venue or place where the alleged crime/incident/event has been committed.
Crime scene
latin word for the “body of the crime”) - used to describe the physical or material evidence that a crime has been committed. ex. corpse of a murder victim.
Corpus delicti
The conduct of police operation involving sensational cases, high profile and heinous crimes must be covered by Case Investigation Plan.
Preparation of Case Investigation Plan (CIPLAN)
Prescribed uniform should be worn by investigators when conducting investigation so as to identify them as PNP personnel.
Uniform of the Investigator
useful in questioning of suspects and witnesses as well as in the writing of investigative reports.
CRIME SCENE SKETCHES
ELEMENTS OF SKETCH
• Measurements
• Compass Direction
• Essential elements
• Scale and Proportion
• Legend
• Title
What are the SPECIFIC KINDS OF SKETCHES?
• SKETCH OF LOCALITY
• SKETCH OF GROUNDS
• SKETCH OF DETAILS
• ROUGH SKETCH
• FINISH SKETCH
This gives picture of the scene, the crime and its environs, including such items such as neighboring buildings, roads leading to the location or house.
SKETCH OF LOCALITY
the scene of the crime with its nearest physical surroundings
SKETCH OF GROUNDS
describes immediate scene only. For instance, the room in which the crime was committed and the details thereof. Cross projection method are details of the room wherein walls and ceiling are pictures as if they are on the same place as the floor. This gives a clear impression of the scene in cases where bloodstains or bullet holes are found in the walls or on the ceiling.
SKETCH OF DETAILS
Made by the prober at the crime scene. Scale and proportion are ignored and everything is approximated. It is to be used as basis of the finish sketch
ROUGH SKETCH
Made primarily for court room presentation. All elements of sketching must be present.
FINISH SKETCH
The main objective is to create a visual record of the crime scene before any item is moved as possible physical evidence.
CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY
What are Methods of Crime Scene Search?
- STRIP SEARCH METHOD
- THE DOUBLE STRIP OR GRID METHOD OF SEARCH
- SPIRAL SEARCH METHOD
- ZONE SEARCH METHOD
5.WHEEL SEARCH METHOD
Kinds of reconstruction
• Physical Reconstruction
• Mental Reconstruction
In this method, the area is blocked out in the form of a rectangle. The three (3) searchers, A, B, and C proceed slowly at the same pace along, paths parallel to one side of the rectangle. When a piece of evidence is found, the finder announces his discovery and the search must stop until the evidence has been cared for. A photographer is called, if necessary. The evidence is collected and tagged and the search proceeds at a given signal. At the end of the rectangle, the searchers turn and proceed along new lanes
STRIP SEARCH METHOD
a modification of the strip search method. Here, the rectangle is traversed first parallel to the base then parallel to the side.
THE DOUBLE STRIP OR GRID METHOD OF SEARCH
In this method, the three searcher follow each other along the path of a spiral, beginning on the outside and spiraling toward the center
SPIRAL SEARCH METHOD
In this method, one searcher is assigned to each subdivision of a quadrant, then each quadrant is cut into another set of quadrants.
ZONE SEARCH METHOD
In this method of search, the area is considered to be approximately circular. The searcher, gathers at the center and proceed outward along radii or spokes. The procedure should be repeated several times depending on the size of the circle and the number of searchers. One shortcoming of this method is the great increase in the area to be observed as the searchers depart from the center.
WHEEL SEARCH METHOD
The physical appearance of the crime scene is reconstructed from the description of witnesses and the indication of the physical evidence.
Physical Reconstruction
From the physical reconstruction, some conclusions can be made concerning the consistency of the accounts of various witnesses. No assumption should be made concerning actions which are not supported by evidences. The final theory developed by the investigator should provide a line of investigative action.
Mental Reconstruction
It forms a general conclusion prior to having a complete explanation based on the facts
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
It forms a general conclusion after gathering evidence and after further investigation
INDUCTIVE REASONING
Physical evidence should be packed in order to prevent loss, tampering, breakage or deterioration.
Packaging
EVIDENCE/ITEM
- Paper
- Firearm
- Hair
- Dirt
- Cloth
- Seminal stain
- Blood
What are the TYPES OF EVIDENCE?
- TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE
- DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
- PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
The most common form of evidence, and it is obtained through interview and interrogation – events which witness see, smell, taste, and touch are described to the investigator through oral and written testimony.
TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE
This includes writings, including official records. One which is supplied by written instruments, or derived from symbols which ideas are represented on material substances, like letters, wills, deed or contract.
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
Evidence addressed to the senses of the court, as when objects are exhibited for the personal observation of the judge. It is also called real evidence – any kind of object associated with the investigation, but it must be a tangible item.
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
Procedures in photographing the crime scene
- General view or long-range
- Medium view or mid-range
- Close-up range view
photographs of the overall scene fundamentally are taken to portray the areas as if a person viewing the scene is seeing it from the standing position. To obtain this result, the photographer takes the photograph with the camera at eye level. It is done in overlapping method
General view or long-range
photographs are taken in a manner which portrays scene from approximately ten to twenty feet of distance from the subject. In order that the viewer be permitted to associate the crime scene with separate areas of the scene photographed, these areas should contain sufficient details to permit the viewer association.
Medium view or mid-range
photographs e normally taken approximately five feet or less from the subject. The attention of close up photography is directed to object which could be effectively seen in the long-range and mid-range photographs.
Close-up range view
What are the PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION?
Protocol 1: Jurisdictional Investigation by the Territorial Unit Concerned
Protocol 2: Official Police Blotter
Protocol 3: Investigation Team: Organization
The Police Station, which has territorial jurisdiction of the area where the crime incident was committed, shall immediately undertake the necessary investigation and processing of the crime scene, unless otherwise directed by higher authorities for a certain case to be investigated by other units/agency.
Protocol 1: Jurisdictional Investigation by the Territorial Unit Concerned
A Police Blotter is an 18” x 12” logbook with hard-bound cover that contains the daily register of all crime incident reports, official summary of arrests, and other significant events reported in a police station.
Protocol 2: Official Police Blotter
All investigators in any police unit must be a graduate of prescribed investigation course with a rank of at least PO2 (pre-requisite to assignment).
Protocol 3: Investigation Team: Organization
