Chapter 3 Flashcards
three tools in criminal investigation or sometimes called as the 3 I’s of criminal investigation
includes:
INFORMATION,
INTERVIEW/INTERROGATION and INSTRUMENTATION
It is the knowledge or facts which the investigator had gathered or acquired from persons or documents, which are pertinent or relevant concerning the commission of the crime or criminal activities.
Information
It is records, files from the government or non-government agencies, news items.
Regular Sources
It is the information furnished by informants or informers
Cultivated Source
It when the information is disclosed by the underworld characters such
as prisoners or ex-convicts
Grapevines Source
The visible way of obtaining information like conducting interview, patrol, crime scene search, regular performance of police activities and custodial interrogation.
Overt
The secret way of obtaining information
Covert
the outward manifestations of a criminal event that can be perceived by out five senses – eyes, ears, nose, tongue and hands.
Sensory Form
A criminal act may also provide information is a written form like receipts from the motel, food and drinks in the pocket of the suspect.
Written Form
The information may actually be in a real form – meaning the failure to retrieve it or receive it at the right time will be useless.
Physical Form
The simple questioning of a person believed to possess information, which are relevant to the investigation of a crime or criminal activities.
Interview
In an _________, the interviewee is willing and cooperative with the person conducting the interview.
Interview
Golden Role in Interview
“Never allow the interviewer to conduct nor let anyone to conduct an interview without prior visit to the
crime scene.”
is conducted to willing and cooperative witnesses, where they are given the full opportunity to
narrate their accounts without intervention, interruption and interference from the interviewer.
Cognitive Interview
this interview as prescribed by some investigators requires the interviewee to answer the question
posed by the investigator. The interviewee to answer on what he knows about what is being asked.
Question and Answer
This is focused only in obtaining data regarding the personal background of the subject, the simplest type of interview used in criminal cases
Background Interview
An interview wherein the questions are phrased in a manner such that the subject’s answers are based on his personal opinions or views.
Subjective Interview
The questions are designed to acquire the basic and specific data or facts regarding a criminal case. It is the type of interview that complies with the six cardinal points of criminal investigation
Objective Interview
It refers to the good relation between the interviewer and the interviewee, which is conducive to a fruitful result
Rapport
It is winning the confidence of a person being interviewed in order that he will tell all the information
in his possession
Rapport
The appearance of the interviewer and other qualities such as skills of communication techniques or the forces of his language is the mainstays of the strength of his character
Forceful Personality
He must be understanding, sympathetic and without showing official arrogance, vulgarity of
expressions and air superiority.
Forceful Personality
This will help the interviewer to determine the personality and intelligence of his subjects
KNOWLEDGE ON PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY
He must go down in the level of understanding of his particular subject.
KNOWLEDGE ON PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY
The interviewer must know how to appropriately use his voice normally, without unusual loudness that may
affect the interview process
Conversational Tone of Voice
He must possess the qualities of an actor, salesman and psychologist and know how to use the power of persuasion
Acting Qualities
He must be courteous, sympathetic and humble, ready to ask apologies for the inconvenience of the interview.
Humility
witness who lack the courage to face the suspect, his associates or relatives always entertain the fear of reprisal.
FEAR OF REPRISAL
on the part of those of hands-to-mouth existence there is this real inconvenience, which will deprive them the time to earn for their living especially during the ordeal of testifying during the trial
GREAT INCONVENIENCE
this hatred maybe due to previous bad experience with rogue members of the police organization.
HATRED AGAINST THE POLICE
the witness maybe an acquaintance, friend, helper or benefactor of the suspect. All of these and other relationship of the witnesses to the suspect must
be explored so that an intelligent approach is properly applied.
BECAUSE OF BIAS OF WITNESS
there are witnesses who are shy and they shun publicity that will bring discomfort to their ordinary or obscure way of living
AVOIDANCE OF PUBLICITY
some famous and respected families preserve their reputations by
instilling to their members the need of the approval of the elders on matter affecting their families
FAMILY RESTRICTION
multiple, complex and legalistic questions should be avoided
One Question at a time
the nod of the head or nay other body language as a response to the
questions should be avoided.
Avoid Implied Answer
a short simple question at a time is required
Simplicity of Questions
It will curtail the complete flow of information and will lead to inaccuracy
Yes and No answer
this is a reluctant type of witnesses. It is found among the uneducated
and of low level of intelligence.
KNOW-NOTHING TYPE
this refer to an uncooperative and indifferent subject. To deal with them is to find out their field of interest so that they will talk.
DISINTERESTED TYPE
the style of questioning by the investigator should be adapted to the psychology of the subject. When the drunken subject has sobered, another interview will be conducted, confronting hi about his disclosures while in the state of drunkenness.
THE DRUNKEN TYPE
this is a witness who is prone to exaggerate, adding irrelevant or new matters to their narration
TALKATIVE TYPE
this is the truthful and cooperative witness where the investigator could rely upon, with little or no problem in handling them.
HONEST WITNESS
this is a liar type of witness. Let him lie and order him to repeat several
times their narration
DECEITFUL WITNESS
this is a shy witness.
TIMID WITNESS
The approach must be friendly and reassuring confidentiality of their information. It should be hidden from the devouring press by interviews or photo sessions
TIMID WITNESS
this is the most difficult subject to deal with. Find out the reasons of his personality such as: Trauma, shock, fear, hatred and others.
REFUSAL TO TALK WITNESS
Is the vigorous and confrontational questioning of a reluctant suspect about his participation in the
commission of crime.
Interrogation
it is confrontational in the sense that the investigator places the guilt on the accused
Interrogation
It is one of the most difficult but most interesting phases of criminal investigation and detection.
Interrogation
It is a challenging battle of wit between the investigator and the suspect
Interrogation
It is a mental combat where the weapon is intelligence and the use of the art
Interrogation
It is the direct acknowledgement of guilt
Confession
t is a confession that is made by the suspect during custodial investigation or those confessions that are made outside of the court.
EXTRA JUDICIAL CONFESSION
The confession is voluntary when the accused speaks of his free will and accord, without any inducement of any kind, with a full and complete knowledge of the nature and the consequences of the confession
VOLUNTARY EXTRA-JUDICIAL CONFESSION
This confession obtained through force, threat, intimidation, duress or anything influencing the voluntary act of the confessor
INVOLUNTARY EXTRA JUDICIAL CONFESSION
obtained from the defendant by means of force or intimidation/violence is null and void and cannot be used against him/her in the trial and the like.
Confession
This confession is made by the accused is open court.
JUDICIAL CONFESSION
The plea of guilt maybe made during arraignment or any stage of the proceedings where the accused changes his plea of not guilty to
guilty.
JUDICIAL CONFESSION
This is conclusive upon the court and may be considered to be a mitigating circumstance to criminal liability.
JUDICIAL CONFESSION
A plea of guilty when formally entered on arraignment is sufficient to sustain conviction of any offense, even a capital one, without further proof.
JUDICIAL CONFESSION
is indirect acknowledgment of guilt
Admission
this is a technique where the investigator, combining the skills of an actor and a psychologist, addresses the suspect with an emotional appeal to confess
Emotional Appeal
This is applicable to first time offenders or those who are of the emotional type of characteristics displayed nervousness or emotional disturbances
Emotional Appeal
the investigator, in his preliminary or probing questions must dig deep into the past troubles, plight and unfortunate events in the life of the suspect. An offer of help, kindness, friendliness may win his cooperation.
Sympathetic Approach
a friendly approach coupled with a posture of sincerity may induce the suspect to confess
Friendliness
the investigator bluffs the suspect that even if he will not confess, there is enough evidence to send him to jail.
Pretense of Solid Evidence
among the suspects, there must be a careful selection of who among them is the weakest link where the interrogation will begin
Weakest link
the weakest link maybe used to fake pain and agony by ordering him to shout, accompanied by banging a chair on the wall to make it appear that a commotion is going on.
Drama
he suspect could be tricked that the investigator had gone to the residence and the family members had supplied facts against the suspect
Feigning Contact with Family Members
The witnesses’ victims or complainant are previously coached about the identity of the suspect
Line Up
The suspect is placed among other persons in a line up and he is identified by several complainants and witnesses who will associate the suspect in other several crimes.
Reverse Line Up
in the questioning process, the investigator selects the right moment to shout as pertinent question in an apparent righteous outrage.
Jolting
The suspect is questioned about his personal life, family, friends and his knowledge about the complainant and witnesses
Opportunity to Lie
the first set of investigators must appear to be rough, mean and dangerous. When they had finished the interrogation, the second investigator intervenes by stopping the first set of investigators.
Mutt and Jeff or Sweet and Sour Method
If the suspect is an “Ifugao” (person from Ifugao Province), then preferably, an Ifugao investigator is recommended to interrogate him, the same with other ethnic or cultural groups.
Removing the Ethnic or Cultural Barrier
in every man’s heart, there is always that softest spot.
Searching for the Soft Spot
the profuse sweating indicates tension, anxiety, shock of fear
EXCESSIVE SWEATING
It is also the result of extreme nervousness or embarrassment. It is necessary a sign of deception or guilt.
CHANGE OF FACIAL COLOR
this is a sign of great tension and is reliable symptom of deception.
Dry Mouth
An effort to control breathing during the critical questioning is an indication of deception. Gasping of breath is the ultimate result of the control breathing.
EXCESSIVE BREATHING
when observed at the side of the neck, the investigator has to
discover the increase of pulse beat which is indicative of deception.
INCREASE OF PULSE BEAT
this may indicate guilt or deception. Misty or teary indicate remorse or repentance.
AVOIDANCE OF DIRECT EYE CONTACT
refers to any person who gives information to the police authorities relative to a crime
Informant
any person who furnishes the police information relevant to a criminal case about the activities of criminals or syndicates without any monetary consideration.
Informant
It may openly give information or may serve as a witness voluntarily.
Informant
he may be an anonymous phone caller, letter writer or a text
sender.
ANONYMOUS INFORMANT
this kind mostly maintains being anonymous. His purpose is to eliminate the rival persons or gang due to competition or other motives such as revenge, etc.
RIVAL ELIMINATION INFORMANT
usually reveals information of no consequence, value or stuff connected with thin air.
False Informant
His purpose is to appear to be on the side of the law and for throwing out the suspicion from himself or from his gang or associates
False Informant
he is prodded by fear or self interest in giving information to the police
FRIGHTENED INFORMANT
He maybe one of the lesser gang member who runs to the police when his gang mates are about to be involved in dangerous situations or when the gang he belongs is hot on the police trail.
FRIGHTENED INFORMANT
this kind of informant moves around the centers of criminals, group or syndicate and delights in surprising the police about bits of information
SELF AGGRANDIZING INFORMANT
is a person who provides the police with confidential information
concerning a previous crime or a projected and planned crime.
CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANT
under the law, these informants are
protected and their identity could not be revealed by the police even under the order of the court unless on exceptional case where there is a claim of the defense that the informant framed up the accused.
CONFIDENTIAL INFORMANT
the informant has information for sale
MERCENARY INFORMANT
he uses his seeming desire to divulge information as an excuse to talk to the police in order to get more information from them more than he gives
DOUBLE-CROSSER INFORMANT
she maybe the female associate of the criminals, who was roughed up,
marginalized in the deal or being eased out from the group
WOMEN INFORMANT
They often give free romance that will result in blackmailing the investigator or will result to an extended family for support
WOMEN INFORMANT
a person who provides information to the police on a regular basis.
Informer
They are cultivated and established by the police on a more or less permanent character and as long as they are loyal and useful to the police organizations
Informer
the person who performs skillful questioning of hostile witness and suspects for purposes of obtaining confession or admission.
Interrogator
this points to the subject of interrogation whether a suspect or a victim.
Interrogee
denotes any person associated to the commission of a crime
Suspect
It refers to any person whose guilt is considered on reasonable on reasonable ground to be a practical possibility
Suspect
is a person other than the suspect, who is requested to give information concerning an incident.
Witnesses
He may be a victim, complainant, an accuser, a source of information, and an observer of the occurrence, a scientific specialist who has examined physical evidence or a custodian of official documents
Witnesses
It is the process of applying instruments or tools of the police sciences in criminal investigation and detection.
Instrumentation
He is a Frenchman who founded
criminal identification by body measurement.
Alphonse Bertillon
Who founded the Anthropometry
Alphonse Bertillon
It is replaced the Anthropometry
Dactyloscopy
who founded the fingerprint classification
Juan Vocetich
Popularized the dactyloscopy
Sir Edward Richard Henry
Its usefulness in criminal investigation cannot be questioned because its infallibility because no two persons have the same fingerprints not even the ten neighboring fingers of the same persons.
Dactyloscopy
Who discovered the Forensic Serology
Karl Landsteiner
It is the agglutination of human blood. This discovery demonstrated that blood possesses certain characteristics, which allowed the designation A, B, AB and 0.
Forensic Serology
Who developed Forensic Ballistic
Dr. Calvin H. Goddard
It is used for determining whether or not the evidence bullet and test bullet came from a single gun through the use of bullet comparison microscope
Forensic Ballistic
Who founded Poroscopy
Edmond Locard
It deals with the identification of sweat pores, he proved that pores vary in number, size and position in each individual
Poroscopy
Who developed Polygraph
John Larson
It is effective in limiting the suspects in number as in the hand of an expert and dependable machine its result is excellent.
Polygraph
A British biologist and genetics expert, discovered the concept of DNA genetic fingerprinting.
Alex Jeffrey
