Chapter 5 Flashcards
What does an Implicit Attitudes Test (IAT) measure?
Measures relative strength of associations between the paired categories (white/black) and attributes (+/- trait adjectives)
Bogus Pipeline Technique
initially take an explicit attitude test, and then participants called back, connected to machine where they are told it can read their implicit attitudes, when asked again participants responses are less positive
Vanman et al. (1990) Face Electromyography
picks up on EMG responses from muscles indicative of +/- reactions to pictures of ingroup and outgroup members; participants asked to rate attractiveness of Black and White people, self-reports showed positive ratings toward outgroup (explicit), but EMG responses revealed the opposite (implicit)
Modern Symbolic Racism
attitudes people hold about outgroup members is based on what you think minority groups stand for and view it as a violation to your values
Values represent…
Values represent enduring preferences for particular standards of behaviour to evaluate self and others, and guiding attitudes toward outgroup members
Modern Symbolic Racism Scale vs Old
Scale of statements, include violation of symbolic values; social desirability clear
Aversive Racism
Reflects ambivalent attitudes whites have toward minority groups, particularly those minority groups who have been oppressed and struggle for equality; particular to context, claim unprejudiced, operates without awareness, bystander effect
Ambivalent Prejudice, Katz (1981)
proposed majority group members hold ambivalent attitudes toward minority group members, stems from positive feelings mixed with lingering negative attitudes
Self-Concept Threat
the ambivalent attitudes threaten self-concept as people feel they’re not living up to self-standards
Response Amplification
when self-concept is threatened, person sees one emotion become more important in a situation (situation affects whether +/- emotions shown)
The Obama Effect
election of Obama led people to assume racism was not a problem today compared to the past, thus there’s less need for policies that address it
The Obama Effect: Spalding et al (2010)
found prior to election, participants primed with Obama reported less support for policies that address racial inequalities
The Obama Effect: Ferguson et al (2010)
exposed participants to successful African Americans; to which, participants stated there was less racial discrimination in America, and blamed Blacks for socioeconomic disparities they face, show negative response amplification
Explicit Self-Report Measures: Likelihood
degree to which a trait or attribute is a stereotypical characteristic of group
Explicit Self-Report Measures: Free Response
participants provide own list of attributes rather than list provided by experimenters
Explicit Self-Report Measures: Peoples Emotional Responses to Group
in assessing can be asked to describe degree to which they feel certain emotions about a group
Examples of Implicit Memory Tests (types of tasks)
sentence completion, word fragment, word stem, letter scramble
Greenwald & Banaji (1995) Dual Process Model
conscious vs unconscious processing; they suggest dual model can be thought of as implicit vs explicit models
Implicit Stereotyping
increased likelihood of stereotyping another person after being (unknowingly) primed with category-relevant stereotypic information
Implicit Attitudes
attitudes that a person is unaware they hold, but become accessible after being primed
IAT: Inconsistent Trial
takes participants longer to decide where face belongs when categories and attributes are inconsistent to their implicit attitudes
Greenwald and Banaji (1995) on implicit stereotypes and attitudes suggest:
implicit stereotypes and attitudes occur when past experiences influence future behaviour or cognitive processing without person’s awareness
Dual Process Theories (Hoffman et al. 2005)
Awareness or Access to Internal States
Explicit measures assume that people know their attitudes and feelings and can report them; implicit measures assess ‘inner knowledge’ people are unaware of
Dual Process Theories (Hoffman et al. 2005)
Affective or Motivational Processes
Explicit measures are susceptible to motivational concerns such as social desirability, self-preservation, and normative expectancies
Dual Process Theories (Hoffman et al. 2005)
Distinct Processing Theory
implicit and explicit measures reflect operation of separate processing systems; explicit: deliberate conscious reasoning, implicit: associative, principles of similarity, passive
