Chapter 5

Question 1

What does an Implicit Attitudes Test (IAT) measure?

Answer 1

Measures relative strength of associations between the paired categories (white/black) and attributes (+/- trait adjectives)

Question 2

Bogus Pipeline Technique

Answer 2

initially take an explicit attitude test, and then participants called back, connected to machine where they are told it can read their implicit attitudes, when asked again participants responses are less positive

Question 3

Vanman et al. (1990) Face Electromyography

Answer 3

picks up on EMG responses from muscles indicative of +/- reactions to pictures of ingroup and outgroup members; participants asked to rate attractiveness of Black and White people, self-reports showed positive ratings toward outgroup (explicit), but EMG responses revealed the opposite (implicit)

Question 4

Modern Symbolic Racism

Answer 4

attitudes people hold about outgroup members is based on what you think minority groups stand for and view it as a violation to your values

Question 5

Values represent…

Answer 5

Values represent enduring preferences for particular standards of behaviour to evaluate self and others, and guiding attitudes toward outgroup members

Question 6

Modern Symbolic Racism Scale vs Old

Answer 6

Scale of statements, include violation of symbolic values; social desirability clear

Question 7

Aversive Racism

Answer 7

Reflects ambivalent attitudes whites have toward minority groups, particularly those minority groups who have been oppressed and struggle for equality; particular to context, claim unprejudiced, operates without awareness, bystander effect

Question 8

Ambivalent Prejudice, Katz (1981)

Answer 8

proposed majority group members hold ambivalent attitudes toward minority group members, stems from positive feelings mixed with lingering negative attitudes

Question 9

Self-Concept Threat

Answer 9

the ambivalent attitudes threaten self-concept as people feel they’re not living up to self-standards

Question 10

Response Amplification

Answer 10

when self-concept is threatened, person sees one emotion become more important in a situation (situation affects whether +/- emotions shown)

Question 11

The Obama Effect

Answer 11

election of Obama led people to assume racism was not a problem today compared to the past, thus there’s less need for policies that address it

Question 12

The Obama Effect: Spalding et al (2010)

Answer 12

found prior to election, participants primed with Obama reported less support for policies that address racial inequalities

Question 13

The Obama Effect: Ferguson et al (2010)

Answer 13

exposed participants to successful African Americans; to which, participants stated there was less racial discrimination in America, and blamed Blacks for socioeconomic disparities they face, show negative response amplification

Question 14

Explicit Self-Report Measures: Likelihood

Answer 14

degree to which a trait or attribute is a stereotypical characteristic of group

Question 15

Explicit Self-Report Measures: Free Response

Answer 15

participants provide own list of attributes rather than list provided by experimenters

Question 16

Explicit Self-Report Measures: Peoples Emotional Responses to Group

Answer 16

in assessing can be asked to describe degree to which they feel certain emotions about a group

Question 17

Examples of Implicit Memory Tests (types of tasks)

Answer 17

sentence completion, word fragment, word stem, letter scramble

Question 18

Greenwald & Banaji (1995) Dual Process Model

Answer 18

conscious vs unconscious processing; they suggest dual model can be thought of as implicit vs explicit models

Question 19

Implicit Stereotyping

Answer 19

increased likelihood of stereotyping another person after being (unknowingly) primed with category-relevant stereotypic information

Question 20

Implicit Attitudes

Answer 20

attitudes that a person is unaware they hold, but become accessible after being primed

Question 21

IAT: Inconsistent Trial

Answer 21

takes participants longer to decide where face belongs when categories and attributes are inconsistent to their implicit attitudes

Question 22

Greenwald and Banaji (1995) on implicit stereotypes and attitudes suggest:

Answer 22

implicit stereotypes and attitudes occur when past experiences influence future behaviour or cognitive processing without person’s awareness

Question 23

Dual Process Theories (Hoffman et al. 2005)
Awareness or Access to Internal States

Answer 23

Explicit measures assume that people know their attitudes and feelings and can report them; implicit measures assess ‘inner knowledge’ people are unaware of

Question 24

Dual Process Theories (Hoffman et al. 2005)
Affective or Motivational Processes

Answer 24

Explicit measures are susceptible to motivational concerns such as social desirability, self-preservation, and normative expectancies

Question 25

Dual Process Theories (Hoffman et al. 2005)
Distinct Processing Theory

Answer 25

implicit and explicit measures reflect operation of separate processing systems; explicit: deliberate conscious reasoning, implicit: associative, principles of similarity, passive