Chapter 5

Question 1

The social patterns through which a society is organized; can be horizontal or vertical.

Answer 1

social structure

Question 2

The ways in which a society or group ranks people in a hierarchy.

Answer 2

social inequality

Question 3

The position that someone occupies in society.

Answer 3

status

Question 4

All the positions an individual occupies.

Answer 4

status set

Question 5

The status that someone is born with and has no control over.

Answer 5

ascribed status

Question 6

A status achieved at some point after birth, sometimes through one’s own efforts and sometimes because of good or bad luck.

Answer 6

achieved status

Question 7

A status that is so important that it overrides other statuses a person may hold.

Answer 7

master status

Question 8

An object that signifies a particular status that a person holds.

Answer 8

status symbol

Question 9

The behavior expected of someone with a certain status.

Answer 9

role

Question 10

The totality of relationships that link us to other people and groups and through them to still other people and groups.

Answer 10

social network

Question 11

Two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and who share a common identity.

Answer 11

social group

Question 12

A large group that follows explicit rules and procedures to achieve specific goals and tasks.

Answer 12

formal organization

Question 13

Patterns of beliefs and behavior that help a society meet its basic needs.

Answer 13

social institution

Question 14

A group of people who live with a defined territory and who share a culture.

Answer 14

society

Question 15

A human community, particularly a small society with a strong sense of community and strong group ties.

Answer 15

Gemeinschaft

Question 16

A large society characterized by weak and impersonal social ties.

Answer 16

Gesellschaft

Question 17

Societies of a few dozen members whose food is obtained from hunting animals and gathering plants and vegetation.

Answer 17

hunting-and-gathering societies

Question 18

Societies that use hoes and other simple tools to raise small amounts of crops.

Answer 18

horticultural societies

Question 19

Societies that raise livestock as their primary source of food.

Answer 19

pastoral societies.

Question 20

Societies that cultivate large amounts of crops with plows and other relative advanced tools and equipment.

Answer 20

agricultural societies

Question 21

Large industries that rely on machines and factories as their primary modes of economic production.

Answer 21

industrial societies

Question 22

Societies in which information technology and service jobs have replaced machines and manufacturing jobs as the primary dimension of the economy.

Answer 22

postindustrial societies

Question 23

The ways in which people act with other people and react to how other people are acting.

Answer 23

social interaction

Question 24

Our understanding of the roles expected of people in a given encounter.

Answer 24

background assumptions

Question 25

The process by which individuals understand and great reality through their interaction with other individuals.

Answer 25

social construction of reality

Question 26

The problems arising when a person has to deal with competing demands on two or more roles that the person is expected to play.

Answer 26

role conflict

Question 27

The problems arising when a person performing a role has to dal with competing demands on that role.

Answer 27

role strain

Question 28

Erving Goffman’s metaphor that likens social interaction to a performance in a dramatic production.

Answer 28

dramaturgical approach

Question 29

Erving Goffman’s term for the process whereby individuals who are interacting try to convey a favorable impression of themselves.

Answer 29

impression management

Question 30

Feelings that begin with a stimulus and that often involve psychological changes and a desire to engage in specific actions.

Answer 30

emotions

Question 31

Ways of communicating that do not involve talking.

Answer 31

nonverbal communication