Chapter 4

Question 1

The process whereby individuals learn the culture of their society.

Answer 1

socialization

Question 2

A term used for children who have been extremely socially isolated.

Answer 2

feral

Question 3

Self-image, self-identity, or self-concept.

Answer 3

self

Question 4

Charles Horton Cooley’s term for one aspect of the process whereby we gain an understanding of our self-image and self-identity.

Answer 4

looking-glass self

Question 5

Goerge Herbert Mead’s term for what children do when they play that helps them acquire an understanding of their self.

Answer 5

take the role of the other

Question 6

George Herbert Mead’s term for parents and other important individuals in the lives of children.

Answer 6

significant others

Question 7

George Herbert Mead’s term for society’s conscience.

Answer 7

generalized other

Question 8

Sigmund Freud’s term for the instinctual, selfish part of the personality.

Answer 8

id

Question 9

Sigmund Freud’s term for the rational part of the personality.

Answer 9

ego

Question 10

Sigmund Freud’s term for society’s conscience.

Answer 10

superego

Question 11

The beliefs and values that children learn in school.

Answer 11

hidden curriculum

Question 12

A dramatic change in a person’s beliefs, values, and behavior, often occurring in total institutions.

Answer 12

resocialization

Question 13

Institutions that have total control over their residents’ lives.

Answer 13

total institutions

Question 14

An encounter designed to humiliate an individual.

Answer 14

degradation ceremony

Question 15

Children gain an impression of how people perceive them as the children interact with them. In effect, children “see” themselves when they interact with other people, as if they are looking in a mirror. Individuals use the perceptions that the others have of them to develop judgments and feelings about themselves.

Answer 15

Charles Horton Cooley “Looking-glass self”

Question 16

Children pretend to be other people in their play and in so doing learn what these other people expect of them. Younger children take the role of the significant others, or the people, most typically parents and siblings, who have the most contact with them; older children when they play sports and other games take on the roles of other people and internalize the expectations of the generalized other, or society itself.

Answer 16

George Herbert Mead “Taking the role of the other”

Question 17

The personality consists of the id, ego, and superego. If a child does not develop normally and the superego does not become strong enough to overcome the id, antisocial behavior may result.

Answer 17

Sigmund Freud “Psychoanalytic”

Question 18

Cognitive development occurs through four stages. The final stage is the formal operational stage, which begins at age 12 as children begin to use general principles to resolve various problems

Answer 18

Jean Piaget “Cognitive development”

Question 19

Children develop their ability to think and act morally through several stages. If they fail to reach the conventional stage, in which adolescents realize that their parents and society have rules that should be followed because they are morally right to follow, they might well engage in harmful behavior. Whereas boys tend to use formal rules to decide what is right or wrong, girls tend to take personal relationships into account.

Answer 19

Lawrence Hohlberg, Carol Gilligan “Moral development”

Question 20

Identity development encompasses eight stages across the life course. The fifth stage occurs in adolescence and is especially critical because teenagers ofter experience an identity crisis as they move from childhood to adulthood.

Answer 20

Erik Erikson “Identity development”