Chapter 4 Flashcards
(20 cards)
The process whereby individuals learn the culture of their society.
socialization
A term used for children who have been extremely socially isolated.
feral
Self-image, self-identity, or self-concept.
self
Charles Horton Cooley’s term for one aspect of the process whereby we gain an understanding of our self-image and self-identity.
looking-glass self
Goerge Herbert Mead’s term for what children do when they play that helps them acquire an understanding of their self.
take the role of the other
George Herbert Mead’s term for parents and other important individuals in the lives of children.
significant others
George Herbert Mead’s term for society’s conscience.
generalized other
Sigmund Freud’s term for the instinctual, selfish part of the personality.
id
Sigmund Freud’s term for the rational part of the personality.
ego
Sigmund Freud’s term for society’s conscience.
superego
The beliefs and values that children learn in school.
hidden curriculum
A dramatic change in a person’s beliefs, values, and behavior, often occurring in total institutions.
resocialization
Institutions that have total control over their residents’ lives.
total institutions
An encounter designed to humiliate an individual.
degradation ceremony
Children gain an impression of how people perceive them as the children interact with them. In effect, children “see” themselves when they interact with other people, as if they are looking in a mirror. Individuals use the perceptions that the others have of them to develop judgments and feelings about themselves.
Charles Horton Cooley “Looking-glass self”
Children pretend to be other people in their play and in so doing learn what these other people expect of them. Younger children take the role of the significant others, or the people, most typically parents and siblings, who have the most contact with them; older children when they play sports and other games take on the roles of other people and internalize the expectations of the generalized other, or society itself.
George Herbert Mead “Taking the role of the other”
The personality consists of the id, ego, and superego. If a child does not develop normally and the superego does not become strong enough to overcome the id, antisocial behavior may result.
Sigmund Freud “Psychoanalytic”
Cognitive development occurs through four stages. The final stage is the formal operational stage, which begins at age 12 as children begin to use general principles to resolve various problems
Jean Piaget “Cognitive development”
Children develop their ability to think and act morally through several stages. If they fail to reach the conventional stage, in which adolescents realize that their parents and society have rules that should be followed because they are morally right to follow, they might well engage in harmful behavior. Whereas boys tend to use formal rules to decide what is right or wrong, girls tend to take personal relationships into account.
Lawrence Hohlberg, Carol Gilligan “Moral development”
Identity development encompasses eight stages across the life course. The fifth stage occurs in adolescence and is especially critical because teenagers ofter experience an identity crisis as they move from childhood to adulthood.
Erik Erikson “Identity development”
