Chapter 5

Question 1

Gender socialization

Answer 1

Occurs when individuals internalize the social expectations and attitudes associated with their perceived gender
- very complex process
- Norms about gender change over time

Question 2

Psychoanalytic Theories

Answer 2

suggest that gender development is controlled by unconscious forces
- Early childhood is the critical time in development

Question 3

Sigmund freud

Answer 3

founding father of psychoanalytic perspective
- the genitalia determine whether a person is a woman or a man but are also the root cause of many of the differences between women and men
- proposed that being male and having a penis is superior to being female and having a vagina

Question 4

Oedipus complex

Answer 4

boys develop an uncoscious love for their mothers and a feeling of hostility toward their fathers

Question 5

castration anxiety

Answer 5

the fear that his father will cut off his penis –> results in oedipus complex

Question 6

Oedipus complex

Answer 6

boys develop an uncoscious love for their mothers and a feeling of hostility toward their fathers
- eventually decides that instead of getting rid of his father and marrying his mother, he would rather be like his father

Question 7

Penis envy

Answer 7

as soon as a girl realizes that she doesn’t have a penis, she experienes penis envy which she continues to have for the rest of her life
- becomes angry and hostile toward her mother because she blames her mother for her inferior atonomy
- She becomes attached to her father –> electra complex

Question 8

Karen Horney

Answer 8

argued that power inequalities, cause the psychological differences observed in girls and women
- Girls don’t envy having a penis simply because a penis is superior to a vagina –> they envy what the penis represents
- Men experience womb envy: an envy of women’s reproductive ability

Question 9

Nancy Chodorow

Answer 9

combined psychoanlytic theory and feminist perspectives
- emphasized how the social structure of the family and the gendered division of labor influence the development of gender roles

Question 10

Behavioral theories

Answer 10

consider how aspects of the environment influence behacior
- uses learning theory to understand gender development

Question 11

Operant conditioning

Answer 11

gender develops when certain behaviors are reinforced, or rewarded, and other behaviors are punished

Question 12

Operant conditioning

Answer 12

gender develops when certain behaviors are reinforced, or rewarded, and other behaviors are punished
- Gender development occurs when others reinforce behavior that conforms to gender norms and punish behaviors that do not

Question 13

social learning theories

Answer 13

learning takes place in a social setting even when children aren’t directly being reinforced or punished

Question 14

observational learning

Answer 14

occurs when children learn from watching what others do

Question 15

self-socialization

Answer 15

children don’t need parents to tell them how to behave

Question 16

Cognitive development theories

Answer 16

focus less on reinforcements and punishments and more on what children are thinking and assuming about their gender roles
- children’s understanding of gender goes through stages corresponding to the development of cognitive skills and children are participants in their attempt to understand and take on gender roles

Question 17

Gender schema theory

Answer 17

focuses on how children integrate this network of assumptions about gender with their understanding of themselves

Question 18

Gender constancy

Answer 18

the understanding that even if a change in physical appearance takes place, a girls will still be a girl and a boy will still be a boy

Question 19

social construction theories

Answer 19

based on a postmodern perspective and suggests that knowledge isn’t objective, rather, it is constructed and therefore can change as a function of time, place or culture
- Cultural beliefs about gender exist to uphold particular social and economic systems and inequalities

Question 20

Doing gender

Answer 20

performing or enacting behaviors associated with a specific gender in day-to-day life

Question 21

Gender segregation

Answer 21

the tendency for children to segregate on the basis of actual or perceived gender identity

Question 22

Borderwork

Answer 22

girls and boys do sometimes enter each other’s play areas –> often as a form of torment and teasing
- reinforces the invisible border between girl’s spaces and boy’s spaces

Question 23

Hidden curriculum

Answer 23

the ways the school environment indirectly teaches norms, beliefs and values
- schools tend to enforce dress codes more strictly for girls than for boys

Question 24

Gender rigidity

Answer 24

strict gender typing, and a sense of inflexibility in terms of what girls and boys are supposed to do

Question 25

Gender intensification

Answer 25

girls and boys start to more rigidly enact their gender roles

Question 26

Stages of gender development

Answer 26

• baby
• Pre-School
• Middle Childhood
• Adolescence

Question 27

Stages - Baby

Answer 27

• Sex often assigned via ultrasound
• Infant’s sex considered the most important information about them
• Infant’s sex shapes how people describe and interact with the baby

Question 28

Stages - Pre-School

Answer 28

• Learn about traditional stereotypes associated with each gender
• Display gender rigidity
• Gender non-conforming kids may have trouble having their identity recognized

Question 29

Stages - Middle Childhood

Answer 29

• Reduced gender rigidity among girls but not boys
• development of gender constancy
• Realization that masculinity conveys more power

Question 30

Stages - Adolescence

Answer 30

• Gender intesification
• Gender non-conforming girls experience peer victimization and exclusion
• Timing of puberty impact girls in a variety of ways