Chapter 4

Question 1

feminist challenged the linear model in many ways

Answer 1

• Assert that each step there are more than two options
• The process as depicted can be disrupted because the sequence isn’t necessarily linear and straigthforward
• Regard the sex/gender binary as overly simplistic and exclusionary –> gender has multiple dimensions that can interact in a variety of ways

Question 2

Gender bundle

Answer 2

suggests that aspects of sex/gender aren’t necessarily ordered or connected in a meaningful way
- they’re all part of the personal and social understanding of gender

Question 3

Gender identity

Answer 3

one’s understanding of oneself as gendered
- based on fundamental sense of belonging to a sex/gender category regardless of assignment at birth

Question 4

Transgender

Answer 4

individuals whose gender identity and or gender expression do not conform to societal expectations for the sex they were assigned at birth
- umbrella term that encompasses a variety of self-a

Question 5

Gender transitioning

Answer 5

the process of publicly demonstrating their gender identity in both appearance and behavior

Question 6

Misgender

Answer 6

use a pronoun that doesn’t accurately reflect the trans person’s gender identity

Question 7

Recognition

Answer 7

focuses on the social context rather than the individual
- highlights the reality that transgender indiviudals must continuously prove the authencity of their gender

Question 8

Sex reassignment surgery

Answer 8

the surgical procedures involved in changing one’s sex

Question 9

transsexual

Answer 9

people who believe their bodies don’t represent their sex and who have a strong desire for body modification

Question 10

Transitioning obstacles

Answer 10

impediments outside of a person’s control that influene when and if they’re able to transition
- money and time are notable obstacles
- Feared being seen as mentally ill or losing family

Question 11

Gender dysphoria

Answer 11

a strong desire to be treated as the other gender or to want to change one’s sex characteristics

Question 12

Minority stress theory

Answer 12

suggests that having a marginalized identity carries additional social stressors that can negatively affect mental and physical health outcomes
1. Transgenders are exposed to discrimination and prejudice
2. they may internalize negative messages about transgender people, resulting in internalized transphobia
3. It’s estimated that over half of transgender individuals experience violence at one time in their lives

Question 13

stigma awareness

Answer 13

transgender individuals’ experiences with violence and discrimination may create a justifiably heightened fear of encountering future discrimination

Question 14

Within group stress transgenders

Answer 14

• In order to express inclusion of transgender individuals, many trans people felt taht this was a shallow gesture
• The level of support a transgender person feels form an LGBTQ group is dependent on the willingness of gay and lesbian members to divide resources among different priorities

Question 15

Nondisjunction

Answer 15

the process whereby chromosomes fail to disconnect when a cell divides

Question 16

Kinefelter Syndrome

Answer 16

includes any chromosomal type that has more than one X chromosome plus one or two Y chromosomes
- Presence of Y chrom. –> penis and are assigned M
- Men with KS have lower levels of testosterone

Question 17

Turner’s Syndrome

Answer 17

A chromosomal pattern of XO
- Only has 45 chromosomes
- Female-typical genitalia, without ovaries
- typically shorter
- Unable to produce estrogen –> prevents breast and pubic hear growth and menstruation

Question 18

Sex differentitation

Answer 18

the process of developing sex-specific characteristics, begins during the sixth week of pregnancy

Question 19

Androgens

Answer 19

shape the development of the typical male body

Question 20

testosterone

Answer 20

specific androgen, promotes the growth of internal reproductive organs

Question 21

Androgen-Intensitivity Syndrome

Answer 21

the production of testosterone isn’t enough to form a penis and testicles
- testosterone is present but can’t connect with the cell receptors
- have XY chromosomes
- No female typical internal organs

Question 22

congentinal Adrenal Hyperplasia

Answer 22

causes the adrenal glands to over-produce androgens
- impacts fetal genetic development and can also affect development later on
- XX –> born with genitalia that do’t typically fit into the categories F or M
- Surgery is performed to change the appearance of genitalia to be more typically female

Question 23

Hermaphrodite

Answer 23

used to describe those with ambiguous genitalis

Question 24

Kinsey scale

Answer 24

illustrates how people fall on a continuous scale of sexual orientation ranging from same sex attraction to other sex attraction

Question 25

Kinsey scale

Answer 25

illustrates how people fall on a continuous scale of sexual orientation ranging from same sex attraction to other sex attraction
Weakness:
- assumption of sex binary
- assumption that all people experience both sexual and romantic attraction

Question 26

Genderbread Person

Answer 26

helps conceptualize sex, gender identity, gender expression, and romantic and sexual attraction in more complex ways

Question 27

sexual configurations theory

Answer 27

sexuality is multi-faceted, socially situated, and dynamic

Question 28

Sexual fluidity

Answer 28

sexual and romantic attraction and desire can be fluid and changeable over time

Question 29

Aromantic

Answer 29

experience little to no romantic attraction

Question 30

Sexuality shift stress

Answer 30

the stressors associated with changes in sexual orientation as a function of gender transitioning

Question 31

Monosexual

Answer 31

being sexually attracted to only one sex/gender

Question 32

Binegativity

Answer 32

social stigma directed specificall at bisexual people

Question 33

Three major stressors that impact transgender people

Answer 33

• Discrimination and prejudice
• Internalized transphobia
• Threat of violence

Question 34

Factors that contribute to resiliency among trans individuals

Answer 34

• Social support and satisfying friendships
• Connecting with an LGBTQ community
• Participation in activism

Question 35

5-alpha reductase deficiency

Answer 35

a condition in which individuals have XYchromosomes but lack sufficient quantities of the enzyme 5-alpha reductase, so they’re unabe to convert testosterone into dihydrotesterone and, therefore cannot masculinize their external genitalia in utero

Question 36

Disorders of sex development

Answer 36

a medical term to replace interzex

Question 37

Medical gaze

Answer 37

a process of dehumanization that occurs when medical providers treat a person’s body separate from that person’s sense of self

Question 38

heterosexism

Answer 38

the assumption that others are heterosexual and that it’s more desirable to be heterosexual

Question 39

Trending queer

Answer 39

Emerging self-awareness of sexual orientation is a developmental process that takes place within an ecological reality of changing intra- and inter-personal, social and socio-political contexts